The Prevention of The Hoaxes Spreads in Papua

Students face the rapid development of information technology to have such a huge impact in the social aspect of society. In the midst of the covid pandemic, the use of social media is increasing so that the frequency of students exposed to hoax information and potentially become hoax spreaders is getting bigger. This research is normative research with socio-legal science approaches, By looking at how the law regulates phenomena or events that occur in society. The Ministry of Communication and Information of the Republic of Indonesia has established a method of tracking hoaxers and has arranged sanctions for perpetrators of hoaxes in the Information and Technology Law. Dialogue for The Resolution of Vertical Conflicts of Papua 2014-2019. This research explained the efforts made by the Jokowi government and Jusuf Kalla in building dialogue to resolve the conflict in Papua as a new government paradigm. The results showed that the Jokowi and Jusuf Kalla governments experienced challenges because the dialogue paradigm experienced a misconception, where approaches and concepts were not appropriate and there were various factors that were at the root of the problem. The factors in question are the history of integration and identity, political violence, development failures, and marginalization of Papuans (Nugroho and Sardini 2019).


Introduction
In the era of the development of communication technology it is undeniable that the influence of social media on Indonesian society is very strong in everyday life. Nowadays social media seems to be a must in the life of every human being on this earth. People are busy themselves with smartphones to tinker with their own smartphones, with social media applications in them. Advances in information communication technology not only have a positive impact but also have a bad impact. The delivery of information is so fast that everyone has easily produced information, and information that is so fast through some social media such as Facebook, Twitter, or mobile phone messages such as, WhatsApp and so on that cannot be filtered properly. Hoax news develops to Papua, Papua as a conflict area is very prone to be hit by hoax issues. Hoaxes that often circulate related to riots, conflicts and independent Papua operations (OPM).
The war that occurred in Timika Papua is a conflict in the horizontal dimension because it occurs between tribes that each hold a primordial high. Indonesia's diverse community in all aspects of life is very prone to conflict and because of national integration will be difficult to achieve. According to Lewis A. Coser, conflict is a dispute over values or guidance with regard to the status, power, and sources of wealth whose supply is insufficient, where the parties to the dispute do not only intend to obtain the desired goods, But it also cornered, harmed, or destroyed their opponents. In the midst of the covid pandemic, the use of social media is increas so that the frequency of students exposed to hoax information and potentially become hoax spreaders is getting bigger. Therefore, this devotion is expected to provide insights related to how to detect hoaxes and respond to them, as well as for the legal consecuences of hoax.

Papua Conflict
Indonesia proclaimed its independence on August 17, 1945. The proclamation of independence marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution against Dutch forces and pro-Dutch civilians. Indonesia also claims ownership of the entire Dutch East Indies in Indonesia, including the western part of Indonesia, the island of Papua. However, this claim was denied by the Dutch because the Dutch consider the territory still one of the provinces of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In the Round Table Conference in 1949, the status of West Papua was then discussed by the Netherlands and Indonesia and failed in reaching a final agreement. But the two sides agreed to talk about the issue again within a year. Through the United Nations National Forum held in December 1950, the status of West Papua was again discussed. The United Nations has ruled that West Papua has the right to independence under the regulations contained in UN Charter article 73(e) (United Nations, 1945). However, this decision was not immediately accepted by the Netherlands and Indonesia. Claims of ownership of West Papua continue to be made by Indonesia so that the Netherlands again invites Indonesia to International Court to resolve this issue. But the invitation of the Dutch side was rejected by Indonesia. Indonesia continues to attack Papua from Dutch hands. To overcome resistance from Indonesia, the Netherlands decided to accelerate the preparation of West Papua's independence (Firdausi 2019).
In 1961, the Dutch Government began preparations to establish West Papua as an independent state independent of the Indonesian state. The Netherlands accelerated education programs in West Papua in preparation for independence. One of the results was to form a naval academy and the Army of Papua. The Netherlands then declared the independence of the State of Papua on December 1, 1961, in Hollandia (now the city of Jayapura) through the Papuan National Committee (KNP) formed by the Netherlands. The state of Papua is named "West Papua" with the state emblem "Burung Mambruk", the flag "Morning Star", the National Anthem "Hai Tanahku Papua" and the country's motto "One People One Soul". Facing the politics of decolonization or steps taken by the Netherlands There are three components that support conflict, namely action, incompatibility, and actors. Action is a signal of conflict, although not all actions mean the end of conflict. For example, a ceasefire, although it stops actions that support the conflict but is only temporary because the conflict is still possible that triggers further action. Therefore, the definition of conflict is described in more detail with an incompatibility component. There is a mismatch between two or more parties trying to obtain resources that trigger actions that lead to conflict. When these parties adjust their demands, and the scarcity of contested resources does not occur again then the conflict will be resolved (Wallensteen 2002). In addition to these two components, there are actor components that are the basis of conflict. Actors' understanding of their roles and resources is important in analyzing a conflict. Their understanding of the importance of the need for survival resulted in the emergence of conflicts in the system (Rosyana, Dermawan, and Akim 2019).
One way of resolving the conflict is through negotiations between the disputing parties. Lopez-Fresno cite the definition of negotiation by Liamazares (2011) as a process undertaken by two or more parties as a form of communication to achieve common interests by putting interests first and reducing differences (Lopez-Fresno, Savolainen, and Miranda 2018). There are two types of approaches that can be done in negotiations, namely the distributive approach and the integrative approach.
Distributive negotiations use zero-sum games, where one party must give up its interests to create a climate of confrontation. On the contrary, integrative negotiations attach importance to the completion of solutions by paying attention to the interests of all parties involved. Each party besides being vocal in fighting for its interests, also considers the interests of the other party. In reaching a solution, the parties must understand the situation and identify their individual interests. Therefore, in integrative negotiations there is a need for trust, cooperation, and smooth flow of information between the parties (Hames 2012). Integrative negotiations emphasize understanding of each party who feels a contributor to the negotiation, not as a competitor from the other party (Llamazares and Nieto 2011). Non-zero-sum games practiced in integrative negotiations can be achieved by the presence of a binding norms of the parties. The existence of these norms is based on mutual understanding of each other's interests that can be resolved together without harming anyone (Bigoness and Tosi 1984). Related to the conflict in Papua the government has made many efforts to resolve it. However, this government effort has not been able to produce a perfect resolution process, and one of the efforts also made related to conflict resolution is through negotiation channels.
Negotiations are the best option by opening a dialogue space between the Government of Indonesia and the People of Papua. Negotiations avoid the use of force in the military approach that is a major source of conflict in Papua. In addition, dialogue as a form of communication that provides space for the establishment of a process of searching, expressing thoughts and feelings carried out between the parties to the conflict. Because in essence whatever the context of human relations in the form of cooperation, competition even in an atmosphere of conflict definitely requires communication (Sudira 2016). Therefore, in a negotiation process it is very important to analyze the related actors, the demands of each actor and how the negotiation process, to find a resolution of the conflict.

Hoax in Papua
Various kinds of incorrect information / hoaxes circulate among the public so that there are social problems and even lead to social conflicts. This also happened in eastern Indonesia in 2019. Social conflict occurred in Papua province, which at that time was triggered by the issue of racism. Boese in Gopala Krishna et al define hoaxes as scams involving a public response. Boese writes that hoaxes are lies that manage to suck the attention and imagination of the public. While Sekor & Walsh found that hoaxes are tools used to attack opponents, power (Krishna, Kumar, and Bandela 2018). Chairman of Mafindo (Indonesian Anti-Defamation Society) argues that hoaxes are the engineering of information to cover up actual information, in other words hoaxes are an attempt to distort facts using convincing but unverified information or as an act of obscuring information by flooding the media with false messages. The purpose of hoaxes is to make people feel uncomfortable and confused (Silalahi, Bestari, and Saputra 2017).
So, it can be concluded that hoaxes are part of a form of information manipulation that can then influence the public with the aim of attacking or expecting a response from the public for a specific purpose. The spread of The Hoax presents the exchange of verbal and visual language symbols used to construct certain views of the issues discussed. Edelman (1964) mentions that there are two types of symbols used in the practice of political symbolism: referential symbols and condensation symbols (Arnhart 1985). A referential system is a system that is related to the objective elements of a particular situation and object while a condensational symbol is a symbol that elicits certain subjective emotions and reactions to an object situation (Krishna, Kumar, and Bandela 2018).
In the case of Indonesia one of the most attention-grabbing hoax production processes is the case of the production of hoax information by Postmetro.info who once showed a political attitude explicitly against the government with the main theme being the invasion of illegal Chinese kindergarten in Indonesia, then the owner of the site earned money around Rp25.000.000,00 to Rp30.000.000,00 per month from advertising (Lukmantoro 2018). From these cases can be seen how the production of hoax information in Indonesia promises new things that are fantastic income every month just by exploiting information that can then be accessed by every circle. During the period January -March 2020, there have been 50 reports categorized as hoaxes. The most news appeared on March 24, 2020, which is 10 times (20.00%) while in second place is on March 10, 2020, January 28, and January 27, 2020, with the number of 4 times (8.00) each. If you look at the hoax news according to the decryption above, then March is a month that shows that the public has started to fret, so that more hoax news is disseminated. The impact of hoaxes on students is huge, this can cause concern and lack of productivity.
The hoax method and its legal settings in the Hoax Detection System have several stages that begin with the pre-processing stage of the word, followed by the Tf-Idf calculation stage and then the minimum distance calculation stage between words using the Levenshtein Distance method. The limit result of 0.0014 in scenario 2 which has training data as many as 100 news indicated hoaxes and 40 news as test data. At the limit of 0.0014 it has consistent Precision, Recall and Accuracy values (Korwa 2013 willfully publishes obscenities among the people, is punishable by imprisonment as high as ten years. Article 14 (2) Whoever broadcasts a news or issues a notice that can issue a warning among the people, while he should be able to think that the news or notification is a lie, punishable by imprisonment as high as three years. Article 15: Whoever broadcasts uncertain news or news that is excessive or incomplete, while he understands at least it should be able to surmise that such news will or can already publish obscenity among the people, He was sentenced to a maximum prison sentence of two years. The Electronic Information and Transactions Act (ITE) regulates hoaxes or qualified hoaxes in Article 28.
Article 28 (1) of any person intentionally and without the right to spread false and misleading news resulting in consumer losses in Electronic Transactions. Article 28 (2) of any person intentionally and without the right to disseminate information intended to incite hatred or hostility of certain individuals and/or groups of people based on ethnicity, religion, race, and inter-religion (SARA). Article 45A of Law No. 19 of 2016 states that: (1) Any person who intentionally and without the right to spread false and misleading news that results in consumer losses in Electronic Transactions as referred to in article 28 paragraph (1) shall be punished with a maximum imprisonment of 6 (six) years and/or a maximum fine of Rp1.000.000.000,00 (one billion rupiah). (2) Any person who intentionally and without the right to disseminate information intended to incite hatred or hostility of certain individuals Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari'ah dan Hukum ~ Vol. 6, Nomor 2, 2021 and/or groups of people based on ethnicity, religion, race, and inter-group (SARA) as referred to in Article 28 paragraph (2) is punishable by imprisonment of a maximum of 6 (six) years and/or a maximum fine of Rp1.000.000.000,00 (one billion rupiah) (Rahmatullah 2019).

Conclusion
Papua is a conflict area, but on the one hand has a population that is mostly immigrants outside Papua. Hoax news will cause concern to the community, especially children and the elderly, plus during the covid-19 pandemic that threatens health and inadequate health facilities in Papua of course the hoax news will greatly affect the psychological community. Therefore, the ministry of information has made efforts with several tracking methods and has applied the law ITE to sanction the hoaxers.