The Approaches of Fatwa Making in Ash-Shinqeeti School
Main Article Content
Keywords
Approaches, Fatwa, Nawazils, Jurisprudence, Ash-Shinqeeti School.
Abstract
Considering the history of ash-Shinqeeti nawazils and jurisprudence, one can clearly realize how diverse and rich are the references and sources as well as the phrasings and content of them. The preferences and output of this school are diverse and rich, too. Broadly, this school adheres and is obligated to what is well-known in the Maliki and Qasemi approaches, thus opposing those who go beyond the scope of these approaches. There are different factors bringing about diversity in ash-Shinqeeti fatwa-making, which have been dealt with in the present research. The most important factors are perhaps the approaches used in its fatwa-making. Among those approaches, the Moroccan one is of paramount importance, considering that this society is geographically close and has social and spiritual influences, and therefore significantly contributes to the improvement of knowledge of authors and their works. Still the Egyptian approach has been influential in ash-Shinqeeti jurisprudence and knowledge. In other words, the Egyptian Maliki school has majorly influenced authors and their publications. Among the most well-known publications is Mokhtasar by Khalil al-Jondi, which has been authored within the framework of Maliki jurisprudence, as well as Alfiyyah, which centers around syntax, among other works. The other influential approach is the Andalusian one, which extends on the Moroccan approach. The diversity of approaches and sources have helped to enrich knowledge, making the language used in fatwa-making inclusive. There are other also aspects which have been discussed in this brief research.
References
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Ibn Kaseer, al-Bidaya val Nihaia, Dar al-Fikr, 1986.
Ibn Ashur, the Purposes of Islamic Legislation, edited by Mohammad al-Taher al-Meisawi, Amman: Dar al-Nafa’is, 2001.
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Ibn al-Hashim al-Ghalawi, al-Fatawi, part of the fatwas gathered by Abdul Rahman al-Walati, known as ‘Anbawia’, handwritten by the Islamic Studies Institute, Anwakshoot, No. 182.
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Abu Zaid Baker ibn Abdullah, Fiqh al-Nawazil, Beirut, al-Risalah Institute, 2001.
Abu al-Abbas Shahab ad-Din Ahmad bin Idris bin Abdul Rahman al-Maliki al-Shahir al-Qarafi (passed away in 648 AH), al-Ahkam fi Tam’iz al-Fatawi an al-Ahkam, edited by Abdul Fatah Abu Ghodah, Islamic Publications Office, Halab.
Abu Yasir Sa’id bin Mohammed, at-Tasil al-Shar’i le Mafhoum fiqh al-Vaqe, ad-Dar al-Ilmiyah for Publication and Distribution.
Ahmad al-Afram Saidi Al, the Disagreements among Ash-Shanaqitah: Fiqh and Jurisprudence as a Model, unpublished PhD thesis, Ibn Tofail University, Kingdom of Morocco.
Al-Bukhari, Sheikh Mohammed al-Mami, Risalah fi Zakat Mal al-Niza’, printed as one of his publications, Zawia al-Sheikh Mohammed al-Mami Banwakshoot Publication.
Al-Bukhari, Sheikh Mohammed al-Mami, the book al-Badyah and other texts, edited by the Scientific Committee for Sheikh Mohammad al-Mami, Nwakshoot, Publications by the Center for Saharan Studies, Rabat, Dar Abi Raqaq for Printing and Distribution, Rabat.
Al-Baraka, Mohammad, Fiqh al-Nawazil ala al-Madhab al-Maliki (Fatawi Abi Omar al-Fasi), gathered and edited by East Africa, 2010.
Al-Bukhari, Mohammad bin Isma’il bin Ibrahim bin al-Moghairah Abu Abdullah (passed away in 256 AH), al-Adab al-Mofrad bil Ta’liqat, borrowing from the comments of the expert, sheikh and speaker, Mohammad Nasir ad-Din al-Albani, al-Ma’arif Library for Publication and Distribution, Riyadh, edited by Samir bin Amin al-Zuhairi, first edition, (1998).
Al-Balakhi, the Religious System and a Group of Scholars, Indian Fatwas, authored by a group of scholars, second edition, 1310 AH.
Al-Bahooti, al-Hanbali, Mansur bin Yunes bin Salah ad-Din ibn Hasan bin Idris (passed away in 1051 AH), Kashaf al-Qina’ An Matn al-Iqtina’, Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyyah.
Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Abu Baker Ahmad bin Ali bin Thabit bin Ahmad bin Mahdi (passed away in 463 AH), al-Faqih val Motafaqih, edited by Abu Abdul Rahman Adel bin Yousof al-Gharazi, published by Dar ibn Jawzi al-Saudi, second edition, 1421 AH.
Al-Khalil al-Nahwi, Bilad Shinqeet, al-Manarah val Ribat, Tunisia, 1987.
Al-Diswaqi, Mohammad bin Ahmad bin Arafa al-Maliki (passed away in 1230 AH), Hashiat al-Daswaqi ala al-Sharh al-Kabir, Dar al-Fikr, no publication number and date available.
Al-Dimashqi, al-Hanafi, Ibn Abedin, Mohammad Amin bin Omar bin Abdul Aziz Abedin (passed away in 1252), Rad al-Mohtar ala al-Dor al-Mokhtar, Dar al-Fikr, Beirut, second edition, (1992).
Al-Daimani, Mahnaz bab bin Obaid Maisar al-Jalil, Dar al-Ridwan.
Al-Dahabi, Sair Alam al-Nubala’, edited by a number of editors and supervised by Sheikh Sho’aib al-Arna’ut, al-Risalah Institute, third edition, (1985).
Ar-Ro’aini, Shams ed-Din Abu Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Mohammed bin Abdor-Rahman al-Tarabolsi al-Maghrebi, known as al-Hattab al-Maliki (passed away in 954 AH); Mawahib al-Jalil fi Sharh Mokhtasar Khalil, Dar al-Fikr, third edition, (1992).
Al-Razi, Zain ad-Din Abu Abdullah Mohammad bin Abi Baker bin Abdul Qadir al-Hanafi (passed away in 666 AH), Mokhtar al-Sahah, edited by Yousof al-Sheikh Mohammad, the Modern Library, Dar al-Namudajiah, Beirut-Sida, fifth edition, (1999).
Al-Zobaidi, Mohammad bin Mohammad bin Abdul Razaq Abu al-Faid Mortaza (passed away in 1205 AH), Taj al-Arus min Jawahir al-Qamus, edited by a group of researchers, Dar al-Hidaya.
Al-Zohaili, Mohammad, the History of Judiciary in Islam, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr al-Mo’asir, Damascus, Dar al-Fikr (1995).
Al-Zarkali, Khair ad-Din bin Mahmood bin Mohammad bin Ali bin Fares al-Dimashqi (1396 AH), al-A’lam, Dar al-Ilm lil-Malaieen, 15th edition, May, 2002.
A group of scholars and jurists in Ottoman ruling, Journal of Justice Judgements, edited by Najib Hawawini, published by Nur Mohammad, Karkhaneh Tejarat Books, Aram Bagh, Karachi.
Al-Liqani, Manar Osul al-Fatwa va Qawa’id al-Ifta’ bil Aqwa lil Fiqh al-Maliki, Ibrahim (1041), presented and edited by Dr. Abdullah al-Hilali, the Kingdom of Morocco, the Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs, 1423 (2002).
Abu Abdullah Ahmad bin Hamdan bin Shabib bin Hamdan al-Nemiri al-Harrani al-Hanbali (passed away in 695 AH), Sifat al-Fatwa val Mufti val Mustafti, edited by Mohammad Naser al-Albani, the Islamic Office, Beirut, third edition, 1397.
Al-Manawi, Mohammad Abdul Ra’uf, Definitions, edited by Dr. Mohammad Ridwan al-Diah, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr al-Mo’aser, 1410.
Al-Maliki, Mohammad Ali bin Hosain al-Maki, Tahdib al-Foruq val Qava’id al-Sunnia fi al-Asrar al-Fiqhia. This work is also an outline of the explanation by Ibn al-Shat on a book by al-Qarafi (the book title is al-Shoruq ala Anwa’ al-Foruq), published by the Saudi Ministry of Endowments (1431 AH: 2010). Foruq by al-Qarafi has been published by the Kuwaiti Juristic Collection, Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs, Kuwait, 45 chapters, published between 1404-1427.
Al-Namiri, Abu Abdullah Ahmad bin Hamdan bin Shabib bin Hamdan al-Harrani al-Hanbali (passed away in 695 AH), Sifat al-Fatwa val Mufti val Mustafti, edited by Mohammad Nasir ad-Din al-Albani, published by the Islamic Office, Beirut, third edition, 1397 AH.
Al-Nawawi, Abu Zakaria Mohi ad-Din bin Sharaf (passed away in 676 AH), Rawdat al-Talebin va Omdat al-Muftin, authored and edited by Zuhair al-Shawish, the Islamic Office, Beirut, Damascus, Amman, third edition, (1991).
Al-Nawawi, Abu Zakaria Mohi ad-Din, Adab al-Fatwa val Mufti val Mustafti, edited by Bassam Abdul Wahab al-Jabi, Dar al-Fikr, Damascus, first edition.
Al-Sawi, Abu Abbas Ahmad bin Mohammad al-khalwati (passed away in 1241), Bi Loghat al-Salek li Aqrab al-Masalik, known as Hashiat al-Sawi ala al-Sharh al-Saghir (al-Sharh al-Saghir is an explanation given by sheikh al-Dordir in his book titled Aqrab al-Masalik li Madhab al-Imam Elk), Dar al-Ma’arif, no edition number and publication date available.
Al-Ghalawi, Mohammad al-Nabigha bin Omar, Bu Talihia fi al-Motamad min al-Kotob val Fatwa ala Madhab al-Malikiah, edited and studied by Dr. Yahia bin al-Barra’, al-Risala Institute, Maki Library, second edition, (2004).
Fu’ad Mohammad Abdul Baqi, al-Lu Lu val Marjan fima Itafaqa alaih al-Sheikhan, Dar al-Salam Library, Riyadh and Faiha’ Library, Damascus.
Firuz Abadi, Majd ad-Din Abu Tahir Mohammad bin Yaqub (passed away in 817), al-Mohit Dictionary, edited by Tahqiq al-Torath Office, al-Risala Institute, and supervised by Mohammad Na’im al-Arqsusi, published by al-Risalah Institute for printing, publication and distribution, Beirut-Lebanon, eighth edition, (2005).
Al-Qarafi, al-Dakhira, edited by Mohammad Haji Said A’rab and Mohammad Bukhobza, Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, Beirut, first edition, 1994.
Al-Soduni (his family name has been borrowed from his father’s name, Sodun al-Sheikhuni), Abu al-Fida’ Zain ad-Din Abu al-Adl Qasim bin Qatlabugha al-Jamali al-Hanafi (passed away in 879 AH), Taj al-Tarajom, edited by Mohammad Khair Ramadan Yousof, Dar al-Qalam, Damascus, first edition, (1992).
Al-Shatebi, Ibrahim bin Musa bin Mohammad al-Lakhmi al-Ghirnati (790 AH), al-Movafaqat, edited by Abu Obaida, known as bin Hasan Al Salman, published by Dar Affan, first edition, (1997).
Al-Sherbini, Shams ad-Din, Mohammad bin Ahmad Khatib al-Shafe’i (passed away in 977 AH), Moghni al-Mohtaj Ila Marifat Ma’ani Alfaz al-Minhaj, Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyya, first edition, (1994).
Walad al-Barra’, Yahia, the Great Collection, including the fatwas, nawazils and judgements of people in the West and South West of the Desert, a collection of 6800 nawazils and fatwas, first edition, (2009), published by al-Sharif Mawlay al-Hasan bin al-Mokhtar al-Hasan, Anwakshoot, Mauritania.
Walad al-Sa’ad, Nawazil Hami Allah al-Tishiti, collected, edited and presented by Dr. Mohammad al-Mokhtar Walad al-Sa’ad, Abu Dhabi Emirate, the Judiciary Office, first edition, (2010).
Dr. Hammah Allah Walad al-Salem, Mauritania in the Arab Memory, al-Wahda al-Arabia Research Center, first edition, Beirut, June, 2005.
Al-Winsherisi, al-Mi’yar al-Mogharab, Ahmad bin Yahia, al-Gami’ al-Moarab an Fatawi Ahl Afriqia val Andalus val Maghrib, done by a group of jurists and under the supervision of Dr. Mohammad Haji, published by the Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs, the Kingdome of Morocco, (1981).
Al-Walati, Abu Abdullah al-Talib Mohammad bin Abi Baker al-Siddik al-Birtli, Fath al-Shokur fi Marifat Ayan Olama al-Takroor, edited by Mohammad Ibrahim al-Katani, Mohammad Haji, Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, first edition, (1981).
Al-Yahsabi, Abu al-Fadl al-Qadi Ayyad ibn Musa (passed away in 544 AH), Tartib al-Madarik va Taqrib al-Masalikpublished by Fadala-al-Mohamadia Press, 1983.
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Author Biography
Tar Abdullahi Dahi, Sharia and Law, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi
College of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences “ Islamic Studies Program