The Development of Islamic Maritime Civilization on the East Coast of Sumatra during 17th-18th Centuries
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Keywords
Islamic maritime civilization, Islamic history, Maritime History, East Coast of Sumatra
Abstract
Abstract
The following research aims to discuss the development of Islamic maritime civilization on the East Coast of Sumatra during the 17th to 18th centuries AD. What sultanates represented the Islamic maritime civilization on the East Coast of Sumatra from the 17th to the 18th century AD and what were the characteristics of the Islamic maritime civilization on the East Coast of Sumatra that developed during this period are the two questions raised in this research. To answer these two questions, this research uses the historical research method with research steps that include heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The search for sources was conducted through literature research. The results of the research itself are expected to have positive implications for the development of the history of Islamic civilization in the archipelago, especially in the field of Islamic maritime civilization which has been neglected. The research concluded that the Islamic maritime civilization on the East Coast of Sumatra was represented by sultanates such as Aceh, Siak, Deli, Serdang, Langkat, and Asahan. These sultanates were sultanates with brown water civilization because they placed the center of their power downstream of the river. Nevertheless, their maritime capabilities have reached green water cruising and blue water cruising.
Keywords: Islamic maritime civilization, Islamic history, maritime history, sultanates, East Coast of Sumatra
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References
References
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Abdurrahman, Dudung. Metodologi Penelitian Sejarah Islam. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2011.
Affan, Muhammad. “From Riverside Hub to Urban Center: Understanding the Metamorphosis of the Sultanate of Deli’s Capital Landscape.” Al Tsaqafa 20, no. 2 (2023): 194–203.
———. “Kesultanan Utsmani (1300-1517): Jalan Panjang Menuju Kekhalifahan.” Tamaddun 6, no. 2 (2018): 99–126.
———. “The Role of Sufis in Connecting Aceh to the Global Islamic Network in the 17th Century.” Islam Nusantara : Journal for the Study of Islamic History and Culture 4, no. 2 (2023): 27–42.
Affan, Muhammad, and Ahmad Suaedy. “Maritime and Trade Policies of the Aceh Sultanate on the West Coast of Sumatra during 16th-17th Centuries.” In International Forum on Spice Route 2022 Proceedings, 498–506. Jakarta: BRIN Publishing, 2022.
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Asnan, Gusti. Sungai Dan Sejarah Sumatra. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2016.
Asril. “Raja Kecil Pendiri Kerajaan Siak Sri Indrapura.” Lentera 1, no. 2 (2009): 50–68.
Azra, Azyumardi. Jaringan Global Dan Lokal Islam Nusantara. Bandung: Mizan Media Utama, 2002.
———. Jaringan Ulama Timur Tengah Dan Kepulauan Nusantara Abad XVII & XVIII: Akar Pembaruan Islam Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media, 2013.
Barnard, Timothy P. Multiple Centres of Authority: Society and Environment in Siak and Eastern Sumatra, 1674-1827. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2003.
———. “Texts, Raja Ismail and Violence: Siak and the Transformation of Malay Identity in the Eighteenth Century.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 32, no. 3 (2001): 331–342.
Barus, Saparudin, Singgih Tri Sulistiyono, and Yety Rochwulaningsih. “The Discovery of Deli Sultanate Currency in Batubara, North Sumatra.” Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 5, no. 1 (2021): 42–47.
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Husni, Tengku Lah. Lintasan Sejarah Peradaban Dan Budaya Penduduk Pesisir Sumatra Timur, 1612-1950. Medan: B.P. Lah Husni, 1975.
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Keane, A.H. A Geography of the Malay Peninsula, Indo-China, the Eastern Archipelago, the Phillipines, and New Guinea. London: Edward Stanford, 1887.
Koestoro, Lucas Partanda, Jufrida, Ketut Wiradnyana, Stanov Purnawibowo, and Defri Elias Simatupang. Medan, Kota Di Pesisir Timur Sumatera Utara Dan Peninggalan Tuanya. Medan: Balai Arkeologi Medan, 2006.
Laffan, Michael. The Makings of Indonesian Islam : Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past. New Jersey: Princenton University Press, 2011.
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Mailin. “Peran Sultan Iskandar Muda Dalam Pengembangan Islam Dan Kesultanan Melayu Di Sumatera Timur.” Jurnal Komunika Islamika 8, no. 1 (2021): 25–31.
Marsden, William. The History of Sumatra, Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs, and Manners of the Native Inhabitants with a Description of the Natural Productions and a Relation of the Ancient Political State of the Island. London: Thomas Payne and Son, 1783.
Meilink-Roelofsz, M.A.P. Asian Trade and European Influence in the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962.
Pagar, Fatimah Zuhrah, Shiyamu Manurung, Masmedia Pinem, Dede Burhanudin, and Asep Saefullah. Sejarah Sosial Kesultanan Langkat. Jakarta: Litbangdiklat Press, 2020.
Pelly, Usman, and Ratna. Sejarah Pertumbuhan Pemerintahan Kesultanan Langkat, Deli Dan Serdang. Medan: Perdana Publishing, 2022.
Perret, Daniel. Kolonialisme Dan Etnisitas: Batak Dan Melayu Di Sumatera Timur Laut. Translated by Saraswati Wardhany. Jakarta: KPG, 2010.
Pulungan, J. Suyuthi. Sejarah Peradaban Islam Di Indonesia. Jakarta: AMZAH, 2019.
Ratna. “Birokrasi Kerajaan Melayu Di Sumatera Timur Pada Abad XIX.” Universitas Gadjah Mada, 1990.
Reid, Anthony. Asal Mula Konflik Aceh: Dari Perebutan Pantai Timur Sumatera Hingga Akhir Kerajaan Aceh Abad Ke 19. Translated by Masri Maris. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2005.
———. Menuju Sejarah Sumatra: Antara Indonesia Dan Dunia. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia dan KITLV-Jakarta, 2011.
Sunanto, Musyrifah. Sejarah Peradaban Islam Indonesia. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2017.
Swantoro, P. Perdagangan Lada Abad XVII: Perebutan “Emas” Putih Dan Hitam Di Nusantara. Jakarta: KPG, 2019.
Takari, Muhammad, A. Zaidan B.S, and Fadlin Muhammad Dja’far. Sejarah Kesultanan Deli Dan Peradaban Masyarakatnya. Medan: USU Press, 2010.
Thohir, Ajid. “Establishing the Historiography of Islamic Sultanate in Nusantara.” Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 4 (2021): 81–95.
Usman, Muhamad, Mawardi Sulaiman, and Rosman Husein. Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Naskah Kuno Daerah Istimewa Aceh: Hikayat Putroe Hijoe. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Proyek Penelitian dan Pengkajian Kebudayaan Nusantara, 1988.
Wilaela, Nur Aisya Zulkifli, and Khaidir Alimin. Het Rijk van Siak. Pekanbaru: Asa Riau, 2016.
Abdullah, Taufik, and Endjat Djaenuderadjat, eds. Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Indonesia: Akar Historis Dan Awal Pembentukan Islam. Vol. 1. Jakarta: Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Budaya Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2015.
Abdurrahman, Dudung. Metodologi Penelitian Sejarah Islam. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2011.
Affan, Muhammad. “From Riverside Hub to Urban Center: Understanding the Metamorphosis of the Sultanate of Deli’s Capital Landscape.” Al Tsaqafa 20, no. 2 (2023): 194–203.
———. “Kesultanan Utsmani (1300-1517): Jalan Panjang Menuju Kekhalifahan.” Tamaddun 6, no. 2 (2018): 99–126.
———. “The Role of Sufis in Connecting Aceh to the Global Islamic Network in the 17th Century.” Islam Nusantara : Journal for the Study of Islamic History and Culture 4, no. 2 (2023): 27–42.
Affan, Muhammad, and Ahmad Suaedy. “Maritime and Trade Policies of the Aceh Sultanate on the West Coast of Sumatra during 16th-17th Centuries.” In International Forum on Spice Route 2022 Proceedings, 498–506. Jakarta: BRIN Publishing, 2022.
Anderson, John. Mission to the East Coast in M.DCCC.XXIII, under the Direction of the Government of Prince of Wales Island: Including Historical and Descriptive Sketches of the Country, an Account of the Commerce, Population, and the Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants, and a Visit to the Batta Cannibal States in the Interior. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, Edinburgh and T.Cadell, Strand, London, 1826.
Asnan, Gusti. Sungai Dan Sejarah Sumatra. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2016.
Asril. “Raja Kecil Pendiri Kerajaan Siak Sri Indrapura.” Lentera 1, no. 2 (2009): 50–68.
Azra, Azyumardi. Jaringan Global Dan Lokal Islam Nusantara. Bandung: Mizan Media Utama, 2002.
———. Jaringan Ulama Timur Tengah Dan Kepulauan Nusantara Abad XVII & XVIII: Akar Pembaruan Islam Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media, 2013.
Barnard, Timothy P. Multiple Centres of Authority: Society and Environment in Siak and Eastern Sumatra, 1674-1827. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2003.
———. “Texts, Raja Ismail and Violence: Siak and the Transformation of Malay Identity in the Eighteenth Century.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 32, no. 3 (2001): 331–342.
Barus, Saparudin, Singgih Tri Sulistiyono, and Yety Rochwulaningsih. “The Discovery of Deli Sultanate Currency in Batubara, North Sumatra.” Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 5, no. 1 (2021): 42–47.
van Bemmelen, R.W. The Geology of Indonesia: General Geology of Indonesia and Adjacent Archipelagoes. Vol. 1A. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1949.
Burhanudin, Jajat. Islam Dalam Arus Sejarah Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media, 2017.
Casale, Giancarlo. The Ottoman Age of Exploration. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Djajadiningrat, Raden Hoesein. Kesultanan Aceh: Suatu Pembahasan Tentang Sejarah Kesultanan Aceh Berdasarkan Bahan-Bahan Yang Terdapat Dalam Karya Melayu. Banda Aceh: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Proyek Pengembangan Permuseuman Daerah Istimewa Aceh, 1984.
Goksoy, Ismail Hakkı. “Ottoman-Aceh Relations as Documented in Turkish Sources.” In Mapping the Acehnese Past, 65–96. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2011.
Hadi, Amirul. “Aceh and the Portuguese: A Study of the Strugle of Islam in Southeast Asia (1500-1579).” McGill University, 1992.
Husni, Tengku Lah. Lintasan Sejarah Peradaban Dan Budaya Penduduk Pesisir Sumatra Timur, 1612-1950. Medan: B.P. Lah Husni, 1975.
Ibn Ahmad, Raja Ali Haji. The Precious Gift (Tuhfat al Nafis). Translated by Virginia Matheson and Barbara Watson Andaya. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Keane, A.H. A Geography of the Malay Peninsula, Indo-China, the Eastern Archipelago, the Phillipines, and New Guinea. London: Edward Stanford, 1887.
Koestoro, Lucas Partanda, Jufrida, Ketut Wiradnyana, Stanov Purnawibowo, and Defri Elias Simatupang. Medan, Kota Di Pesisir Timur Sumatera Utara Dan Peninggalan Tuanya. Medan: Balai Arkeologi Medan, 2006.
Laffan, Michael. The Makings of Indonesian Islam : Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past. New Jersey: Princenton University Press, 2011.
Laffan, Michael Francis. Islamic Nationhod and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma below the Winds. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
Lapian, Adrian B. Pelayaran Dan Perniagaan Nusantara Abad Ke 16 Dan 17. Depok: Komunitas Bambu, 2017.
Lombard, Denys. Kerajaan Aceh: Jaman Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636). Translated by Winarsih Arifin. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1991.
Mailin. “Peran Sultan Iskandar Muda Dalam Pengembangan Islam Dan Kesultanan Melayu Di Sumatera Timur.” Jurnal Komunika Islamika 8, no. 1 (2021): 25–31.
Marsden, William. The History of Sumatra, Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs, and Manners of the Native Inhabitants with a Description of the Natural Productions and a Relation of the Ancient Political State of the Island. London: Thomas Payne and Son, 1783.
Meilink-Roelofsz, M.A.P. Asian Trade and European Influence in the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962.
Pagar, Fatimah Zuhrah, Shiyamu Manurung, Masmedia Pinem, Dede Burhanudin, and Asep Saefullah. Sejarah Sosial Kesultanan Langkat. Jakarta: Litbangdiklat Press, 2020.
Pelly, Usman, and Ratna. Sejarah Pertumbuhan Pemerintahan Kesultanan Langkat, Deli Dan Serdang. Medan: Perdana Publishing, 2022.
Perret, Daniel. Kolonialisme Dan Etnisitas: Batak Dan Melayu Di Sumatera Timur Laut. Translated by Saraswati Wardhany. Jakarta: KPG, 2010.
Pulungan, J. Suyuthi. Sejarah Peradaban Islam Di Indonesia. Jakarta: AMZAH, 2019.
Ratna. “Birokrasi Kerajaan Melayu Di Sumatera Timur Pada Abad XIX.” Universitas Gadjah Mada, 1990.
Reid, Anthony. Asal Mula Konflik Aceh: Dari Perebutan Pantai Timur Sumatera Hingga Akhir Kerajaan Aceh Abad Ke 19. Translated by Masri Maris. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2005.
———. Menuju Sejarah Sumatra: Antara Indonesia Dan Dunia. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia dan KITLV-Jakarta, 2011.
Sunanto, Musyrifah. Sejarah Peradaban Islam Indonesia. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2017.
Swantoro, P. Perdagangan Lada Abad XVII: Perebutan “Emas” Putih Dan Hitam Di Nusantara. Jakarta: KPG, 2019.
Takari, Muhammad, A. Zaidan B.S, and Fadlin Muhammad Dja’far. Sejarah Kesultanan Deli Dan Peradaban Masyarakatnya. Medan: USU Press, 2010.
Thohir, Ajid. “Establishing the Historiography of Islamic Sultanate in Nusantara.” Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 4 (2021): 81–95.
Usman, Muhamad, Mawardi Sulaiman, and Rosman Husein. Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Naskah Kuno Daerah Istimewa Aceh: Hikayat Putroe Hijoe. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Proyek Penelitian dan Pengkajian Kebudayaan Nusantara, 1988.
Wilaela, Nur Aisya Zulkifli, and Khaidir Alimin. Het Rijk van Siak. Pekanbaru: Asa Riau, 2016.
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