Journal of Finance and Islamic Banking
Full Lenght Article
Stability and Performance of Conventional and Sharia Banking in Indonesia Before and After the Covid-19 Pandemic
Abstract
This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the performance and stability of Indonesia's dual banking system. Our sample includes the top 20 banks by assets, both conventional and sharia, from 2018 Q1 to 2023 Q3. Data for conventional banks is obtained from Bloomberg, while data for Islamic banks is sourced from each bank's official website. We use ROA, ROE, and NIM as performance variables and Z-Score and NPL as stability variables. External factors such as GDP, Inflation, BI Rate, and Exchange Rate serve as independent variables, while bank-specific variables act as controls. Panel data regression is used to determine causal relationships between these factors and banking performance and stability. We also compare bank performance and stability before and after COVID-19 using the Mann-Whitney Test. Findings indicate that the pandemic significantly affected conventional banks' Z-Score, NPL, ROA, ROE, and NIM, while only NPL was significantly affected in sharia banks. The results highlight the significant impact of GDP, exchange rate, and BI Rate on banking variables, while inflation had no effect. The type of bank significantly influences performance but not stability.
Keywords
Declarations
Publisher's Note
Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said Surakarta remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
Aditya, Banerjee., Samit, Paul. (2022). The Effect of Changes in the Policy Rates on Borrowing and Lending of Banks in India. India studies in business and economics, doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-7668-0_9
Adnan, Ahmad., Pir, Bilal., Ihtesham, Khan. (2019). The Resilience of Central Bank Interest Rate on the Association of FinancialLeverage and Firm Performance. doi: 10.34091/AJSS.12.1.11
Ahmad, Rafik. (2023). Analisis kinerja industri perbankan nasional pasca covid-19. Jurnal Lentera Akuntansi Politeknik LP3I Jakarta, doi: 10.34127/jrakt.v8i1.852
Aida, Mehrad., Mohammad, Hossein, Tahriri, Zangeneh. (2023). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic and Global Economic Circumstance. The journal of social sciences research, doi: 10.24297/jssr. v19i.9384
Ajizah, S. D. N., & Widarjono, A (2023). Indonesia Islamic Banking Stability in The Shadow of Covid-19 Outbreak. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 10(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol10iss20231pp57-68
Alexander, Kirchner. (2023). The new challenges of global banking and finance. European Journal of Finance, doi: 10.1080/1351847x.2023.2200145
Amir Salim, Fadila.,Purnamasari, Anggun., “Pengaruh Inflasi terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia”.Jurnal Pemikiran dan Ekonomi Syariah Volume 7 Nomor 1 Agustus 2021
Anas, Farah. (2020). Determinants of Bank Performance: ROE, ROA Profitability Measures Amongst Islamic and Conventional Banks in the GCC. Social Science Research Network, doi: 10.2139/SSRN.3579883
Aning, Fitriana. (2023). The Effect of Non-Performing Loans (NPL) to the Bank Profitability During the Covid-19 Pandemic (Case Study of Buku III Bank in Indonesia). Riwayat, doi: 10.24815/jr.v6i2.31658
Annafsun, Nadzifah., Jaka, Sriyana. (2020). Analisis Pengaruh Inflasi, Kurs, Birate, PDB Dan Kinerja Internal Bank Terhadap Profitabilitas Pada Perbankan Syariah Dan Konvensional. 6(1):79-87. doi: 10.32528/JMBI.V6I1.3537
Arief Anshory Yusuf, “Mengukur Ongkos Ekonomi ‘Sesungguhnya’ Dari Pandemi Covid-19.” SDG’s Center Universitas Padjajaran, No. 1 (2020)
Augustine, Addo., A., Seyram. (2013). Central bank's policy rate on the cost of borrowing from some selected commercial banks in Ghana.
Bank For International Settlement (2021) “Covid-19 accelerated the digitalization of payments”
Boris, Begović. (2022). The Global Economic Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Bird’s-Eye View. Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, doi: 10.51204/anali_pfbu_22402a
Cakan, E., Ertac, S., Gokmen, G., & Gumus (2021), "The Economic Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns: An Evidence from Earnings Calls"
Chohan, W. Usman (2022), Book of Pandemic and Public Value Management. Routledge.
Claudio, Borio., Leonardo, Gambacorta., Boris, Hofmann. (2015). The influence of monetary policy on bank profitability. Research Papers in Economics,
Daniela, Harangus. (2012). Banking performances in the context of the international financial crisis.
Dwinanda, I. Z., & Sulistyowati, C. (2021). The Effect of Credit Risk and Liquidity Risk on Bank Stability. JIET (Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan), 6(2), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v6i2.31144
Dung, Cong, Tran., M., Kabir, Hassan., Ahmed, W., Alam., Nam, Dau. (2022). Banks’ financial soundness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Economics and Finance, 46(4):713-735. doi: 10.1007/s12197-022-09591-x
Deasy Dwihandayani (2017) Analisis Kinerja Non-Performing Loan (NPL) Perbankan Di Indonesia Dan Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi NPL
Dede Djuniardi (2021) Determinan Net Interest Margin Pada Perbankan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Akuntansi Dan Manajemen Issn 1358-0394 Vol.1 Issue 2
Dewi, N. G. (2020). Pengaruh Risiko Likuiditas dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Profitabilitas Perbankan di Bursa Efek Indonesia. JIFA (Journal of Islamic Finance and Accounting), 3(1). https://doi.org/10.22515/jifa.v3i1.2153
Dickson, Pastory. (2020). The Determinants of Non-performing Loans in Commercial Banks. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-68836-3_35
Dinda, Khoirotunnisa., Zulfikar, Zulfikar. (2022). Impact of The Covid-19 Outbreak on The Stability of Sharia Banking Financial Performance. International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies, doi: 10.20525/ijfbs.v11i3.2107
Hamzah, A. (2018). Pengaruh Faktor Makro Ekonomi Terhadap Pembiayaan Bermasalah (Penelitian Pada Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia Tahun 2010-2017). JIFA (Journal of Islamic Finance and Accounting), 1(2), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.22515/jifa.v1i2. 1416
Henny Setyo Lestari, Giya Aprilriani (2016) Pengaruh Faktor Internal Dan Eksternal Bank Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Pada Bank Umum Di Indonesia
Laeven, Ross Levine (2009) Bank governance, regulation and risk taking. Journal of Financial Economics, Volume 93, Issue 2.
Luc Laeven and Lev Ratnovski and Hui Tong. (2016) Bank size, capital, and systemic risk: Some international evidence. Journal of Banking & Finance Volume 69 page S25-S34.
Nektarios, A., Michail., Christos, S., Savva., Demetris, Koursaros. (2021). Are central banks to blame? Monetary policy and bank lending behavior. Bulletin of Economic Research, 73(4):762-779. doi: 10.1111/BOER.12273
Nina, Sinițîn., Adela, Socol. (2020). Determinants of Banking Profitability through ROA and ROE: A Panel Data Approach. Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series,
Elena, Maklakova., Dzhanatul, Shahebaz. (2022). Covid-19 pandemic and global economy. doi: 10.34220/my2021_170-172
Elnahass, Marwa & Trinh, Vu & Li, Teng. (2021). Global Banking Stability in the Shadow of COVID-19 Outbreak. Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions and Money.
Francis, Antwi., Mercy, Kwakye. (2022). Modelling the effect of bank performance on financial stability. International Journal of Research In Business and Social Science, doi: 10.20525/ijrbs.v11i7.2058
Friawan, Deni dan Kurnia Yazid, Ega (2021), “Pandemi Covid-19 dan Ancaman Inflasi di Indonesia”. Centre for Strategic and International Studies
Gibson E. Conceptualizing Financial Stability during Financial Crises: Liquidity and Systemic Risk. In: A Regulatory Design for Financial Stability in Hong Kong. Cambridge University Press; 2022:93-118.
Goga, Gelitashvili, Goga, Gelitashvili., Ana, Bokuchava, Ana, Bokuchava., Gocha, Abutidze, Gocha, Abutidze., Medea, Chelidze, Medea, Chelidze. (2022). Stability of the banking system as an important factor of economic security. Ekonomika, doi: 10.36962/ecs105/4-5/2022-110
Gönül Ҫolak, Özde Öztekin (2021), The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on bank lending around the world. Journal of Banking & Finance, Volume 133.
Haryanto. (2020). Dampak Covid-19 terhadap Pergerakan Nilai Tukar Rupiah dan Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan (IHSG). Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning, 4(2), 151–165.
Hilarius, Bambang, Winarko., Julius, Caesare, Wahono., Yuniningsih, Yuniningsih., Sri, Tunggul, Pannindriya. (2021). How Do Inflation Rate, BI Rate, and Balance of Trade Directly Affect IDR to USD Exchange Rate and Indirectly Affect IDX Composite Index in Initial Stage of Covid-19 Outbreak?
Nur Hidayah, Ainun Zamilah, Sofyan Rizal, Jaharuddin Jaharuddin Hidayah (2021), “The Resilience of Sharia and Conventional Banks in Indonesia during the Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis”
https://www.bi.go.id/id/fungsi-utama/moneter/inflasi/default.aspx
International Monetary Fund (2020), Global Financial Stability Report.
Ion, Lapteacru. (2016). On the consistency of the Z-score to measure the bank risk. Research Papers in Economics,
Komite Nasional Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah (2021),”Pengantar Ekonomi Islam”.
Laeven, Luc dan Levine, Ross. (2008). “Bank Governance, Regulation and Risk Taking”. Journal of Financial Economics.
LI, Yu-qiang,, ZHANG, Wei-jiang,, HUANG, Yu,, LI, Lin,, LIU, Ai-hua. (2022). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Economic Growth: An Analytical Study. doi: 10.1109/icaiot57170.2022.10121845
Luigi, Bocola., Javier, Bianchi., Fabrizio, Perri., Manuel, Amador. (2016). Sustainable Exchange Rates. Research Papers in Economics,
Joseph, E., Gagnon., Steven, B., Kamin. John, W., Kearns. (2023). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global GDP growth. Journal of The Japanese and International Economies, doi: 10.1016/j.jjie.2023.101258
Marta, Paduszyńska., M., Lesiak. (2022). Analysis of banking sector stability using the taxonomic measure of development. Ekonomia i Prawo. doi: 10.12775/eip.2022.040
Mohammad, Zoynul, Abedin., Mahmudul, Hasan, Moon., M., Kabir, Hassan., Petr, Hájek. (2021). Deep learning-based exchange rate prediction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Operations Research, doi: 10.1007/S10479-021-04420-6
Moh, Alfiyan., Rofiul, Wahyudi., Maimunah, Maimunah., Riduwan, Riduwan. (2023). Financial stability in Indonesian Islamic banking using Z-Score: Before and during Covid-19. al-Uqûd : journal of islamic economics, doi: 10.26740/aluqud.v7n1.p17-32
Moh, Alfiyan., Rofiul, Wahyudi., Maimunah, Maimunah., Riduwan, Riduwan. (2023). Financial stability in Indonesian Islamic banking using Z-Score: Before and during Covid-19. al-Uqûd: journal of islamic economics, 7(1):17-32. doi: 10.26740/aluqud.v7n1.p17-32
Mohsin Shabir, Ping Jiang, Wenhao Wang, Özcan Işık, COVID-19 Pandemic Impact On Banking Sector: A Cross-Country Analysis, Journal Of Multinational Financial Management, Volume 67, 2023.
Muhammad, Fadlillah, Fauzukhaq., Devita, Sari., Suhenda, Wiranata. (2021). Pengaruh inflasi, bi rate, kurs, car dan fdr terhadap non performing financing bank syariah mandiri. 28(2):129-140. doi: 10.25105/ME.V28I2.7338
Mulyani, Sri (2020), https://keuangannews.id/sri-mulyani-bank-syariah-relatif-lebih-stabil-dari-konvensional/
Murat, Donduran. (2023). Bank Stability and Systemic Risk Measurement. International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies, doi: 10.20525/ijfbs.v12i1.2319
Ooi, Kok, Loang., Zamri, bin, Ahmad., R, V, Naveenan. (2022). Non-Performing Loans, Macroeconomic and Bank-specific Variables in Southeast Asia during COVID-19 Pandemic. The Singapore Economic Review, doi: 10.1142/s0217590822500679
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Institute (2021), “Tantangan Intermediasi Perbankan di Era Pandemi”.
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (2021), “Laporan Keuangan Perbankan”.
Peraturan Bank Indonesia (PBI) No. 9/1/PBI/2007 tahun 2007
Peraturan Bank Indonesia (PBI) No. 13/1/PBI/2011 tahun 2011
Peraturan Bank Indonesia (PBI) No.6/10/PBI/2004 tentang Sistem Penilaian Kesehatan Bank Umum
Peraturan OJK POJK No 8/POJK.03/2014 dan SEOJK No.10/SEOJK.03/2014 tentang Sistem Penilaian Kesehatan Bank Umum Syariah
Prasmuko, Andry dan Fajar Anugrah, Doni (2010), “Dampak Krisis Keuangan Global Terhadap perekonomian”. Buletin Ekonomi dan Moneter Bank Indonesia
Priyadi, Angga; Akbar Susamto, Akhmad dan Purwoto, Hengki (2021), “Dampak Covid-19 terhadap tingkat inflasi di Indonesia”. Universitas Gadjah Mada
Putra, Pamungkas., Taufiq, Arifin., Irwan, Trinugroho., Evan, Lau., Bruno, S., Sergi. (2023). COVID-19, stability and regulation: evidence from Indonesian banks. Studies in Economics and Finance, doi: 10.1108/sef-12-2022-0569
Rachita, Gulati. (2023). Beyond the Z‐score: A novel measure of bank stability for effective policymaking. Journal of Public Affairs, doi: 10.1002/pa.2866
Rizka, Aufa, Tiana., Nurhayati. (2022). Pengaruh NPL, LDR, NIM terhadap Profitabilitas di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. doi: 10.29313/bcsa.v2i2.2796Saule, Serikbayeva., Aidos, Akpanov., O., Kogut. (2023). Financial stability in conditions of economic turbulence. Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы ЕҰУ хабаршысының экономика сериясы, doi: 10.32523/2789-4320-2023-2-197-209
Rustam, Hanafi., Abdul, Rohman., Sutapa, Sutapa. (2022). Islamic Bank Resilience: Financial and Sharia Performance During Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Muqtasid: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah, doi: 10.18326/muqtasid.v13i1.18-30
Shabir, Mohsin;Jiang, Ping;Wang, Wenhao, Ozcan, Isik (2023), “Covid-19 Pandemic Impact on Banking Sector: A Cross Country Analysis”. Journal of Multinational Financial Management.
Shahzad, Ijaz., Arshad, Hassan., Amine, Tarazi., Ahmad, Fraz. (2020). Linking bank competition, financial stability, and economic growth. Journal of Business Economics and Management, doi: 10.3846/JBEM.2020.11761
Sunit, Mistry., Abdiaziz, Omar, Hassan., Frimpong, Atta, Junior, Osei. (2023). Navigating Uncertainty: How Covid-19 is Shaping the Stock Market. European Journal of Business and Management Research, doi: 10.24018/ejbmr.2023.8.3.1896
Sayyed, Sadaqat, Hussain, Shah., Ştefan, Cristian, Gherghina., Rui, Miguel, Dantas., Saliha, Rafaqat., Anabela, Batista, Correia., Mário, Nuno, Mata. (2023). The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Islamic and Conventional Banks’ Profitability. Economies, doi: 10.3390/economies11040104
Syukri, Iska., Ifelda, Nengsih. (2022). Banking Performance iIndonesia Pandemic Times: Comparison Between Conventional Commercial Banks And Sharia Commercial Banks. doi: 10.4108/eai.11-10-2021.2319496
Evgeny N Smirnov (2023). Stability of the global financial system as a factor in the post-crisis recovery of the world economy. RUDN Journal of Economics, doi: 10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-2-282-298
Sudarsono, Heri (2009), Dampak Krisis Keuangan Global Terhadap Perbankan di Indonesia: Perbandingan antara Bank Konvensional dan Bank Syariah. La_Riba Jurnal Ekonomi Islam Volume III No. 1 Juli 2009.
Surat Edaran Bank Indonesia No. SEBI No. 13/ 1 /PBI/2011 tentang Sistem Penilaian Kesehatan Bank Umum
Surat Edaran Bank Indonesia (SEBI) No.30/3/UPPB/1997 tentang Sistem Penilaian Kesehatan Bank Umum
Undang–Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 2023 Tentang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan
Varvara, Isyuk. (2013). The role of the banking sector performance in the crisis of 2007.
Violeta Ketaren, Eka; Mulyo Haryanto, Antonius (2020),”Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Stabilitas Perbankan yang Terdaftar di Bursa efek Jakarta”. Diponegoro Journal of Management.
Website resmi Bank Indonesia (2023). www.bi.go.id
Website remi Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (2023). www.ojk.go.id
WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard (2023), “Overview”.
Winifred, Huang., Philip, Molyneux., Steven, Ongena., Ru, Xie. (2023). The new challenges of global banking and finance. European Journal of Finance, doi: 10.1080/ 1351847X.2023.2200145
Copyright and permissions
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.