Reinventing The Interpretation of Taqiyya Verse for Strengthening Religious Tolerance

Lilik Ummi Kaltsum; Ahmad Syaifuddin Amin

doi:10.22515/dinika.v7i2.6381

Authors

Lilik Ummi Kaltsum Unversitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia
Ahmad Syaifuddin Amin Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22515/dinika.v7i2.6381

Keywords:

Religious Tolerance, Taqiyya, Interpretation of the Qur'an

Abstract

Even though the teaching of taqiyya is explicitly mentioned in the Qur’an, this concept is often negatively connoted as a heretical doctrine of a particular group, especially the Shia. This study aims to explore the interpretation of the Qur’an commentators towards the taqiyya verse (Q.S. Āli Imrān [3]: 28) in order to formulate the concept of taqiyya which can be actualized for the benefit of religious life. By examining the interpretations of some Qur’an commentators from various Islamic sects and implementing the descriptive-analytical method, the study concluded that the interpretation of taqiyya verse is not only limited to life-threatening emergency situations among kāfir ḥarbi, but also considered to be practiced in Muslim relations with non-Muslims or fellow Muslims in ordinary situations. Thus, taqiyya can manifest two main components of tolerance; patience and endurance by hiding beliefs or understandings that have the potential to disrupt the unity and integrity of multicultural society.

References

Abdullah, A. (2016). Gerakan Radikalisme dalam Islam: Perspektif Historis. Addin, 10(1), 1–28.

al-Fakih, A. H. S., Baru, R., al-Thulaia, H. A. A., & Rozali, M. H. (2021). Turuq Al-Kashf ‘An Al-Dakhil Fi Tafsir Al-Dirayah [Intruder Detection Methods In The Tafsir Al-Dirayah]. QALAM International Journal of Islamic and Humanities Research, 1(2), 1–19.

Andalūsi, A. Ḥayyān al-. (2000). Al-Baḥr al-Muḥīṭ fī al-Tafsīr. Dār al-Fikr.

Andalusī, I. ‘Aṭiyyah al-. (2002). Al-Muharrar al-Wajīz fī Tafsīr al-Kitāb al-’Azīz. Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.

Asfahāni, R. al-. (2004). Mufradāt fī Gharīb al-Qur’ān. Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.

Askāri, M. A. M. al-H. bin ‘Ali al-’. (n.d.). Al-Tafsīr al-’Askāri. Muassasah al-Imam al-Mahdi.

‘Asqalānī, I. H. al-. (1994). Fath al-Bārī Syarh Ṣahīh al-Bukhāri. Dār al-Ma’rifah.

Āsyūr, A.-Ṭāhir bin ‘. (1984). Tahrīr wa al-Tanwīr (Vol. 14). al-Dār al-Tūnisiyyah di al-Nasy.

‘Ayyāṣī, A. N. M. M. al-. (2001). Al-Tafsīr. Mu’assasah al-Bi’tsah.

Azimi, M. (2020). Criticism of Ibn Taymiyyah and Qefari’s doubts about the doctrine of Taqiyya in Shia. New Religious Researches, 1(3), 21–38.

Bābawaih, I. (1395). Kamāl al-Dīn wa Tamām al-Ni’mah.

Baghawi, A. M. al-Husayn al-. (1997). Ma’ālim al-Tanzīl fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān. Dār Ṭībah li al-Nasyr wa al-Tawzī’.

Baidlāwī, N. al-Dān al-. (1998). Anwār al-Tanzīl wa Asrār al-Ta’wīl. Dār Ihyā’ al-Turāts al-’Araby.

Bakar, A. (2016). Konsep Toleransi Dan Kebebasan Beragama. Toleransi: Media Ilmiah Komunikasi Umat Beragama, 7(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.24014/trs.v7i2.1426

Beben, D. (2019). Reimagining Taqiyya: The “Narrative of the Four Pillars” and Strategies of Secrecy among the Ismāʿīlīs of Central Asia. History of Religions, 59(2), 83–107.

Bukhāri, M. bin I. al-. (2002). Al-Jāmi’ al-Musnad al-Ṣahīh al-Mukhtaṣar min Umūr Rasūl Allah wa Sunanihī wa Ayyāmihī (Vol. 1). Dār Ṭauq al-Najāh.

Campbell, A. (2005). Taqiyya: How Islamic Extremists Deceive the West. Journal of National Observel, 64.

Choerunissya, A. (2021). Kisah Asiyah binti Muzahim dalam Al-Quran: Studi qashashul Qur’an terhadap Qs. At Tahrim ayat 11 dan Al Qashas ayat 8-9 [Skripsi, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung]. http://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/47180/

Dimasyqi, I. K. al-. (2011). Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-Azhīm. Dār al-Fikr.

Gleave, R. (2013). The Legal Efficacy of taqiyya Acts in Imami Jurisprudence:, Ali al-Karaki’s al-Risala fi l-taqiyya. AL-QANTARA, 34(2), 415–438.

Goldziher, I. (2010). Mazhab Tafsir dari Klasik hingga Kontemporer. eLSAQ Press.

Hinckley, R. A. (2010). Personality and Political Tolerance: The Limits of Democratic Learning in Postcommunist Europe. Comparative Political Studies, 42(2).

Humaedi, M. A. (2012). Strategi Budaya Taqiyah: Dilema Penyembunyian Identitas dalam Perkembangan Syiah. Dinamika Penanganan Gerakan Keagamaan, 8.

Jawziyyah, I. al-Qayyim al-. (1997). Ahkām Ahl al-Dzimmah. Ramādī li al-Nasyr.

Khalaf, A. al-Wahhāb. (n.d.). Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh wa Khulāṣah Tārikh al-Tasyrī. Maṭba’ah al-Madanī.

Khalifah, M. al-. (n.d.). Al-Taqiyyah mā baina al-Sunnah wa al-Syi’ah al-Immiyyah.

Kippenberg, H. H. G., & Stroumsa, G. G. (1995). Secrecy and Concealment: Studies in the History of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Religions (Vol. 65). Brill.

Kohlberg, E. (1975). Some Imāmī-shīʿī Views on Taqiyya. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 95(3), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.2307/599351

Kohlberg, E. (1995). Taqiyya in Shī’ī Theology and Religion. Secrecy and Concealment, 345–380. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004378872_021

Kolid dkk, A. (2021). Rereading the Indonesian Interpretation of the Qur’an on Awliya’: The Cases of HAMKA and M. Quraish Shihab. Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies, 9(1).

Manzhūr, I. (1994). Lisān al-’Arab. Dār Ṣādir.

Marāghi, A. bin M. al-. (1946). Tafsir al-Marāghi. Muṣṭafā al-Bābi al-Halabi.

Masduqi, I. (2011). Berislam secara Toleran: Teologi Kerukunan Umat Beragama. Mizan.

Māwardī, A. al-Hasan al-. (n.d.). Al-Nukat wa al-’Uyūn. Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.

Moore, M. J. (2009). Pluralism, relativism, and liberalism. Political Research Quarterly, 62(2), 244–256.

Mudin, M. I., Ahmadah, N. L., Da’i, R. A. N. R., & Rizaka, M. F. (2021). Mendudukkan Kembali Makna Kafir dalam al-Qur’an dan Konteksnya secara Teologis, Sosiologis, dan Politis. Al-Adabiya: Jurnal Kebudayaan Dan Keagamaan, 16(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.37680/adabiya.v16i1.619

Multazam, A. (2018). Taqiyyah dalam Pandangan Mufassir Syi’i Klasik dan Kontemporer (Studi Kitab Tafsir Majma’ al-Bayan dan Tafsir al-Mizan) [Skripsi]. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.

Nadzirullzzat, A. (2017). Taqiyyah dalam Perspektif Syi’ah dan Sunni (Studi Tafsir Al-Mīzān dan Tafsir Al-Asas fī al-Tafsīr) [Skripsi]. Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung.

Naisabūrī, M. bin H. bin M. al-. (n.d.). Al-Musnad al-Ṣahīh al-Mukhtaṣar bi Naql al-’Adl ilā Rasūl Allāh. Dār Ihyā’ al-Turātas al-’Arabī.

Newman, J. (1978). The Idea of Religious Tolerance. University of Illinois Press.

Novalina, M., Nixon, G., Sabdono, E., Zaluchu, S. E., & Phuanerys, E. C. (2021). Nostra Aetate: Sebuah alternatif menuju keharmonisan di tengah suburnya intoleransi dan diskriminasi. KURIOS: (Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen), 7(2), 338–344.

Nuhhās, A. J. al-. (n.d.). Ma’ānī al-Qur’ān. Universitas Ummu al-Qura.

Qāsimi, J. al-Dīn al-. (1998). Maḥāsin al-Ta’wīl. Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.

Qummi, A. H. al-. (2015). Tafsīr al-Qummi. Muassasah al-Mahdi.

Quran surah Ali ‘Imran 28 (QS 3: 28) in arabic and english translation. (2009, July 1). Alquran English. https://www.alquranenglish.com/quran-surah-ali-imran-28-qs-3-28-in-arabic-and-english-translation

Quran surah An Nahl 106 (QS 16: 106) in arabic and english translation. (2009, July 1). Alquran English. https://www.alquranenglish.com/quran-surah-an-nahl-106-qs-16-106-in-arabic-and-english-translation

Qurṭūbī, S. al-Dīn al-. (1964). Al-Jāmi’ li Ahkām al-Qur’ān. Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyyah.

Rahman, K. (2020). Syiah di Pekalongan: Studi Atas Tradisi Syiah Pondok Pesantren Al Hadi Pekalongan Jawa Tengah. Religi: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama, 16(1), 97–112.

Rāzi, F. al-Dīn al-. (1420). Mafātih al-Ghaib. Dār Ihyā’ al-Turats al-’Araby.

Reinvent. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2022, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/reinvent

Ridhā, M. R. (1367). Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-Hakīm. Dār al-Manār.

Samarqandi, A. al-Laits al-. (1993). Bahr al-’Ulūm. Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.

Saniah, M., & Sidik, M. A. (2020). Pemikiran Khawarij’ (Studi Historis Genealogis Pemikiran Islam). RUSYDIAH: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 1(1), 70–84.

Setia, P. (2021). Atas Nama Islam: Kajian Penolakan Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (Hti) Terhadap Pluralisme. Aplikasia: Jurnal Aplikasi Ilmu-Ilmu Agama, 21(2), 115–136.

Setiani, T., & Hermawan, M. A. H. (2021). Nilai-Nilai Kemanusiaan Dan Pendidikan Toleransi Beragama Dalam Film Bajrangi Bhaijaan. Piwulang: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 3(2), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.32478/piwulang.v3i2.657

Setyabudi, M. N. P. (2019). Memperlebar Batas Toleransi Dan Membela Hak Minoritas (Telaah Atas Karya Ahmad Najib Burhani): Menebar Toleransi Membela Minoritas. Harmoni, 18(1), 570–588. https://doi.org/10.32488/harmoni.v18i1.347

Sijistāni, A. D. al-. (n.d.). Sunan Abī Dāwud. al-Maktabah al-’Ashriyyah.

Sumaktoyo, N. G. (2017). Penelitian Empiris Mengenai Toleransi di Indonesia: Menuju Praktik Terbaik. In Kebebasan, Toleransi dan Terorisme: Riset dan Kebijakan Agama di Indonesia. Paramadina.

Suryan, S. (2017). Toleransi Antarumat Beragama: Perspektif Islam. Jurnal Ushuluddin, 23(2), 185–200.

Susanti, S. E. (2017). Konsep Kebenaran, Relativisme dan Pluralisme Agama. HUMANISTIKA: Jurnal Keislaman, 3(2), 146–175.

Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn al-. (2000). Lubāb al-Nuqūl fī Asbāb al-Nuzūl. Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.

Syahrastānī, A. al-Fath al-. (n.d.). Al-Milal wa al-Nihal. Muassasah al-Halbī.

Ṭabarī, M. bin J. al-. (2000). Jāmi’ al-Bayān fī Ta’wīl Āy al-Qur’an. Muassasah al-Risālah.

Ṭabarsī, A. A. al-Fadl al-. (2006). Majma’ al-Bayān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān. Dār al-Ulum.

Ṭaba’ṭaba’i, al-S. M. H. al-. (n.d.). Al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān (Vol. 2). Syabkah al-Fikr.

Toleration | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2022, from https://iep.utm.edu/tolerati/

Tsa’labi, A. I. al-. (2002). Al-Kasyf wa al-Bayān ‘an Tafsīr al-Qur’ān. Dār Ihyā’ al-Turāts al-’Arabī.

Ulya, U. (2021). Taqiyyah sebagai Peneguhan Harmoni dan Toleransi: Studi Aksiologi. FIKRAH, 9(2), 241–368.

Umar, U. (2019). Pemikiran Politik Era Kenabian, Sahabat Dan Sekte-Sekte Islam: Tinjauan Sketsa Historisitas. Jurnal Mimbar: Media Intelektual Muslim Dan Bimbingan Rohani, 5(2), 16–42.

Zuhaylī, W. al-. (1998). Tafsīr al-Munīr fī al-’Aqīdah wa al-Syarī’ah wa al-Manhaj. Dār al-Fikr al-Mu’ashir.