Retracted Article: Emotional Intelligence And Empathy: Predictors Of Counselors’ General Health
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22515/ajpc.v4i1.7478Keywords:
counselor, emotional intelligence, empathy, general healthAbstract
Emotional intelligence and empathy are important in counseling practice and the counselor's life. The aim of this study was to identify demographic predictors of emotional intelligence, empathy, and general health and determine the predictive relationship between the three variables. In the cross-sectional case study, 133 counselors from Accra Metropolis were administered an online self-report survey consisting of the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Empathy Scale, and General Health Questionnaire. Findings revealed that emotional intelligence and empathy significantly predicted general health (F = 10.159, p<0.01). Other results showed no difference between the general health of male and female counselors (t = 0.470, p>0.05). Additionally, there was no difference in empathy (F=0.887, p>0.05, partial η2=0.021) and emotional intelligence (F = 0.05, p>0.05, partial η2=0.00) between licensed professional counselors and licensed lay counselors. Maintaining the health of counselors is very important because it has an impact on professional competence and on counseling practice. Thus, counselors and training institutions are expected to deepen efforts in creating awareness of the need to protect counselors' health for the benefit of clients and uphold the effectiveness of counselor practice.
References
ACA. (2014). ACA Code Of Ethics: As Approved By The ACA Governing Council. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from American Counseling Association website: https://www.counseling.org/resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf
Al Ubaidi, B. A. (2018). Is Emotional Intelligence A Need Skill For Health Care Provider? Journal Of Family Medicine And Disease Prevention, 4(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-5793/1510071
Alahmadi, B. A., & Alharbi, M. F. (2018). Work-Related Fatigue Factors Among Hospital Nurses: An Integrative Literature Review. Nurse Media Journal Of Nursing, 8(2), 113–133.
Alenezi, A., McAndrew, S., & Fallon, P. (2019). Burning Out Physical And Emotional Fatigue: Evaluating The Effects Of A Programme Aimed At Reducing Burnout Among Mental Health Nurses. International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing, 28(5), 1045–1055. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12608
Andal, S. (2021). Emotional Intelligence Among Health Care Professionals. IOSR Journal Of Nursing And Health Science, 10(1), 35–39.
Baptista, S., Teixeira, A., Castro, L., Cunha, M., Serrão, C., Rodrigues, A., & Duarte, I. (2021). Physician Burnout In Primary Care During The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study In Portugal. Journal Of Primary Care & Community Health, 12, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/21501327211008437
Bhutani, J., Bhutani, S., Balhara, Y. P. S., & Kalra, S. (2012). Compassion Fatigue And Burnout Amongst Clinicians: A Medical Exploratory Study. Indian Journal Of Psychological Medicine, 34(4), 332–337. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.108206
Bolton, D., & Gillett, G. (2019). The Biopsychosocial Model Of Health And Disease: New Philosophical And Scientific Developments. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Boyatzis, R. E. (2018). The Behavioral Level Of Emotional Intelligence And Its Measurement. Frontiers In Psychology, 9(1438), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01438
Caruso, D. R., & Mayer, J. D. (1998). A Measure Of Emotional Empathy For Adolescents And Adults. Unpublished Manuscript.
Cassel, J. (1976). The Contribution Of The Social Enviroment To Host Resistence. American Journal Of Epidemiology, 104(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112281
Cobb, S. (1976). Social Support As A Moderator Of Life Stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003
Cook, R. M., Fye, H. J., Jones, J. L., & Baltrinic, E. R. (2021). Self-Reported Symptoms Of Burnout In Novice Professional Counselors: A Content Analysis. The Professional Counselor, 11(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.15241/rmc.11.1.31
Cooper, A., & Petrides, K. V. (2010). A Psychometric Analysis Of The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire–Short Form (TEIQue–SF) Using Item Response Theory. Journal Of Personality Assessment, 92(5), 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.497426
Corey, G. (2017). Theory And Practice Of Counseling And Psychotherapy (10th Ed). Boston: Cengange Learning.
Creel, S., Dantzer, B., Goymann, W., & Rubenstein, D. R. (2013). The Ecology Of Stress: Effects Of The Social Environment. Functional Ecology, 27, 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02029.x
Cuff, B. M. P., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2016). Empathy: A Review Of The Concept. Emotion Review, 8(2), 144 –153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914558466
Dall’Ora, C., Ball, J., Reinius, M., & Griffiths, P. (2020). Burnout In Nursing: A Theoretical Review. Human Resources For Health, Vol. 18, pp. 1–17. Retrieved from https://human-resources-health.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12960-020-00469-9
Frank, J., Abel, T., Campostrini, S., Cook, S., Lin, V. K., & McQueen, D. V. (2020). The Social Determinants Of Health: Time To Re-Think. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(5856), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165856
Garubba, M., & Joseph, C. (2018). The Impact Of Fatigue In The Healthcare Setting: A Scoping Review. Monash Health, 23(2), 1–9.
Gates, M., Wingert, A., Featherstone, R., Samuels, C., Simon, C., & Dyson, M. P. (2018). Impact Of Fatigue And Insufficient Sleep On Physician And Patient Outcomes: A Systematic Review. BMJ Open, 8(e021967), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021967
Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A Scaled Version Of The General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9(1), 139 ? 145. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700021644
Goldberg, D. P., Oldehinkel, T., & Ormel, J. (1998). Why GHQ Threshold Varies From One Place To Another. Psychological Medicine, 28(4), 915–921. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291798006874
Goleman, D. (2009). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. London, United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Goleman, D. (2011). The Brain And Emotional Intelligence: New Insights. Florence: More Than Sound.
Grover, S., Adarsh, H., Naskar, C., & Varadharajan, N. (2019). Physician Burnout: A Review. Journal Of Mental Health And Human Behaviour, 23(2), :78-85. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_47_19
Gutierrez, D., & Mullen, P. R. (2016). Emotional Intelligence And The Counselor: Examining The Relationship Of Trait Emotional Intelligence To Counselor Burnout. Journal Of Mental Health Counseling, 38(3), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.38.3.01
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction To Moderation, Mediation And Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York, New York, United States: Guilford Press.
Heyes, C. (2018). Empathy Is Not In Our Genes. Neuroscience And Biobehavioral Reviews, 95(October), 499–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.001
Hu, T., Zhang, D., Wang, J., Mistry, R., Ran, G., & Wang, X. (2014). Relation Between Emotion Regulation And Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis Review. Psychological Reports: Measures & Statistics, 114(2), 341–362. https://doi.org/10.2466/03.20.PR0.114k22w4
Huang, H., Liu, Y., & Su, Y. (2020). What Is The Relationship Between Empathy And Mental Health In Preschool Teachers: The Role Of Teaching Experience. Frontiers In Psychology, 11(1366), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01366
Islam, M. M. (2019). Social Determinants Of Health And Related Inequalities: Confusion And Implications. Frontier In Public Health, 7(11), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00011
Kerdijk, C., van der Kamp, J., & Polman, R. (2016). The Influence Of The Social Environment Context In Stress And Coping In Sport. Frontiers In Psychology, 7(875), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00875
Kumar, S. (2016). Burnout And Doctors: Prevalence, Prevention And Intervention. Healthcare (Switzerland), 4(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare4030037
Lakey, B., & Cohen, S. (2000). Social Support Theory And Measurement. In S. Cohen, L. G. Underwood, & B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social Support Measurement And Intervention: A Guide For Health And Social Scientists. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195126709.003.0002
Levy, K. N., & Scala, J. W. (2012). Transference, Transference Interpretations, And Transference-Focused Psychotherapies. Psychotherapy, 49(3), 391–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029371
Menefee, D. S., Ledoux, T., & Johnston, C. A. (2022). The Importance Of Emotional Regulation In Mental Health. American Journal Of Lifestyle Medicine: Behavioral Medicine Review, 16(1), 28–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276211049771
Meyer, D., & Ponton, R. (2006). The Healthy Tree: A Metaphorical Perspective Of Counsel Well-Being. Journal Of Mental Health Counseling, 28(3), 189–201.
Mikolajczak, M., Menil, C., & Luminet, O. (2007). Explaining The Protective Effect Of Trait Emotional Intelligence Regarding Occupational Stress: Exploration Of Emotional Labour Processes. Journal Of Research In Personality, 41(5), 1107–1117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.01.003
Moreno-Jiménez, B., Ayala, M. del C. Y., & Fresán-Orellana, A. (2020). Physicians’ Discontent: Burnout And The Deterioration Of Medical Practice. Salud Mental, 43(5), 191–193. https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2020.026
Nelis, D., Quoidbach, J., Mikolajczak, M., & Hansenne, M. (2009). Increasing Emotional Intelligence: (How) Is It possible? Personality And Individual Differences, 47(1), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.046
Neumann, D. L., Chan, R. C. K., Boyle, G. J., Wang, Y., & Westbury, H. R. (2015). Measures Of Empathy: Self-Report, Behavioral, And Neuroscientific Approaches. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures Of Personality And Social Psychological Constructs (pp. 257–289). Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00010-3
Norcross, J. C., & VandenBos, G. R. (2018). Leaving It At The Office: A Guide To Psychotherapist Self-Care (2nd Ed). New York, New York, United States: The Guilford Press.
O’Connor, P. J., Hill, A., Kaya, M., & Martin, B. (2019). The Measurement Of Emotional Intelligence: A Critical Review Of The Literature And Recommendations For Researchers And Practitioners. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1116), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01116
Ogundipe, O. A., Olagunju, A. T., Lasebikan, V. O., & Coker, A. O. (2014). Burnout Among Doctors In Residency Training In A Tertiary Hospital. Asian Journal Of Psychiatry, 10, 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2014.02.010
Ordu, Z., Arabacı, L. B., & Arslan, A. B. (2022). The Relationship Between Nurses’ Emotional Intelligence Skills And Positive Mental Health. Journal Of Education And Research In Nursing, 19(2), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.5152/jern.2022.43402
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait Emotional Intelligence: Psychometric Investigation With Reference To Established Trait Taxonomies. European Journal Of Personality, 15(6), 425–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.416
Pool, L. D., & Qualter, P. (2012). Improving Emotional Intelligence And Emotional Self-Efficacy Through A Teaching Intervention For University Students. Learning And Individual Differences, 22(3), 306–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.01.010
Raatikainen, E., Rauhala, L. A., & Mäenpää, S. (2017). Qualified Empathy - A Key Element For An Empowerment Professional. Sosiaalipedagoginen Aikakauskirja, Vuosikirja, 18, 113–122.
Rameson, L. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2009). Empathy: A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach. Social And Personality Psychology Compass, 3(1), 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00154.x
Reed, B. N., Haines, S. T., & Holmes, E. R. (2021). The Impact Of Two Longitudinal Professionalism Courses On Student Pharmacists’ Empathy. American Journal Of Pharmaceutical Education, 85(2), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8083
Rodriguez, N., Flores, R. T., London, E. F., Mira, C. B., Myers, H. F., Arroyo, D., & Rangel, A. (2019). A Test Of The Main-Effects, Stress-Buffering, Stress-Exacerbation, And Joint-Effects Models Among Mexican-Origin Adults. Journal Of Latinx Psychology, 7(3), 212–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000116
Skovholt, T. M., & Trotter-Mathison, M. (2016). The Resilient Practitioner: Burnout And Compassion Fatigue Prevention And Self-Care Strategies For The Helping Professions (3rd Ed). New York, New York, United States: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315737447
Smith, J. D., Lassiter, P. S., & Gutierrez, D. (2020). Examining The Relationship Of Emotional Intelligence And Cultural Empathy In Addiction Counselors. Journal Of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 41(2), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaoc.12083
Suzuki, Y., & Kino, K. (2008). Development Of The Multi-Dimensional Empathy Scale (MES). The Japanese Journal Of Educational Psychology, 56(4), 437–497. https://doi.org/10.5926/jjep1953.56.4_487
Swedberg, R. (2020). Exploratory Research. In C. Elman, J. Gerring, & J. Mahoney (Eds.), The Production Of Knowledge: Enhancing Progress In Social Science (pp. 17–41). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th Ed). London, United Kingdom: Pearson.
Tagoe, T., & Quarshie, E. N.-B. (2017). The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Job Satisfaction Among Nurses In Accra. Nursing Open, 4(2), 84–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.70
Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling Methods In Research Methodology; How To Choose A Sampling Technique For Research. International Journal Of Academic Research In Management (IJARM), 5(2), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205035
Tang, C., Liu, C., Fang, P., Xiang, Y., & Min, R. (2019). Work-Related Accumulated Fatigue Among Doctors In Tertiary Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey In Six Provinces Of China. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 16(17), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173049
Thompson, B. J. (2021). Fatigue And The Female Nurse: A Narrative Review Of The Current State Of Research And Future Directions. Women’s Health Reports, 2(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1089/whr.2020.0107
Tuithof, M., ten Have, M., Beekman, A., Dorsselaer, S. van, Kleinjan, M., Schaufeli, W., & Graaf, R. de. (2017). The Interplay Between Emotional Exhaustion, Common Mental Disorders, Functioning And Health Care Use In The Working Population. Journal Of Psychosomatic Research, 100, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.06.018
Walter, H. (2012). Social Cognitive Neuroscience Of Empathy: Concepts, Circuits, And Genes. Emotion Review, 4(1), 9 –17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911421379
Wang, X., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-Sectional Studies: Strengths, Weaknesses, And Recommendations. An Overview Of Study Design And Statistical Considerations, 158(1), S65–S71. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
Wardle, E. A. N. N., & Mayorga, M. G. (2016). Burnout Among The Counseling Profession: A Survey Of Future Professional Counselors. I-Manager’s Journal On Educational Psychology, 10(1), 9–15.
Watt, D. (2007). Toward A Neuroscience Of Empathy: Integrating Affective And Cognitive Perspectives. Neuropsychoanalysis: An Interdisciplinary Journal For Psychoanalysis And The Neurosciences, 9(2), 119–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/15294145.2007.10773550
West, C. P., Dyrbye, L. N., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2018). Physician Burnout: Contributors, Consequences And Solutions. Journal Of Internal Medicine, 283(6), 516–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12752
WHO. (2017). Determinants Of Health. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from World Health Organization website: http://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/determinants- of-health
WHO. (2022). Constitution Of The World Health Organization. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from World Health Organization website: https://www.who.int/about/accountability/governance/constitution
Wobeto, M. I., Brites, R., Hipólito, J., Nunes, O., & Brandão, T. (2023). Emotion Regulation And Mental Health Among Professionals Of Long-Term Care Institutions For Older Adults: The Mediating Role Of Work Engagement. Health Psychology Report, 11(2), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr/156259
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Peter Worlanyo Abomah, Gladstone Agbakpe, Cynthia Naa Lamiley Quaye
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
