FORGIVENESS, SELF-ESTEEM, AND RESILIENCE IN ADULT VICTIMS OF BULLYING
Main Article Content
Keywords
adult victim of bullying, forgiveness, resilience, self-esteem
Abstract
Apart from occurring in children and adolescents, bullying also occurs in adult groups. The impact on adults includes psychological, physical, social, and economic dimensions. The main impact that often affects victims of adult bullying is emotional problem. Forgiveness and self-esteem are indicated to be two variables that influence resilience in victims of adult bullying. This study aimed to determine the effect of forgiveness and self-esteem on resilience in 94 adults who are victims of bullying. The analysis was performed using regression analysis. The result obtained in this study was that forgiveness and self-esteem affect 49.5% (R Square = 0.495, Sig. = 0.000) of the resilience of bullying victims. Thus, forgiveness and self-esteem are essential keys to increase the resilience of victims of bullying so that they are not prone to experiencing mental disorders.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Aalsma, M. C., & Brown, J. R. (2008). What Is Bullying? Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(2), 101–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.06.001
Azwar, S. (2016). Reliabilitas dan Validitas (4 Ed). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Balgiu, B. A. (2017). Self-esteem, Personality, and Resilience: Study of A Students Emerging Adults Group. Journal of Educational Sciences & Psychology, VII (LXIX)(1), 93–99.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-Efficacy: Toward A Unifying Theory Of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, USA: W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.
Brush, B. L., McGee, E. M., Cavanagh, B., & Woodward, M. (2001). Forgiveness: A Concept Analysis. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 19(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/089801010101900104
Burnette, J. L., Davisson, E. K., Finkel, E. J., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Hui, C. M., & Hoyle, R. H. (2014). Self-Control and Forgiveness: A Meta-Analytic Review. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613502991
Cast, A. D., & Burke, P. J. (2002). A Theory of Self-Esteem. Social Forces, 80(3), 1041–1068. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2002.0003
Chaudhary, H., Jyoti, & Chaudhary, S. (2014). Positive Emotions, Resilience, Gratitude, and Forgiveness: Role of Positive Psychology in the 21st Century. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 528–530.
Chen, H. (2016). A Theoretic Review of Emotion Regulation. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 04(02), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.42020
Chung, J. O. K., Lam, K. K. W., Ho, K. Y., Cheung, A. T., Ho, L. L. K., Gibson, F., & Li, W. H. C. (2018). Relationships Among Resilience, Self-Esteem, and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(13–14), 2396–2405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105318800159
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of A New Resilience Scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecedents of Self-Esteem. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Company.
Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Bullying and Being Bullied by Peers in Childhood and Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(4), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.504
Daryanti, E. T., Yuwono, D., & Sugiharto, P. (2020). Forgivingness and Subjective Well-Being of the Female Prisoners. Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 9(134), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.15294 /junk.v9i1.29126
Djamahar, R., Dewahrani, Y., R., & Octaviani, R. (2020). Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Negative Emotional State with Academic Procrastination in Final Level Students. Indonesian Journal of Biology Education, 3(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.31002/ijobe.v3i1.2290
Egan, L. A., & Todorov, N. (2009). Forgiveness as a Coping Strategy to Allow School Students to Deal With the Effects of Being Bullied: Theoretical and Empirical Discussion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(2), 198–222. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.2.198
Gençoğlu, C., Şahin, E., & Topkaya, N. (2018). General Self-Efficacy and Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations as Predictors of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in University Students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 18(3), 605–626. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.3.0128
Griffin, B. J., Worthington Jr., E. L., Greer, C. L., Lin, Y., Davis, D. E., & Hook, J. N. (2015). Efficacy of a Self-Forgiveness Workbook: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Interpersonal Offenders. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000060
Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion Regulation: Affective, Cognitive, and Social Consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017.S0048577201393198
Habibi, M. M., & Hidayati, F. (2018). Hubungan Antara Pemaafan Diri Sendiri, Pemaafan Orang Lain, Dan Pemaafan Situasi Dengan Resiliensi Pada Mahasiswa Baru (Studi Korelasi Pada Mahasiswa Baru Universitas Diponegoro Semarang). Empati, 6(2), 62–69.
Hatta, M. (2018). Tindakan Perundungan (Bullying) Dalam Dunia Pendidikan Ditinjau Berdasarkan Hukum Pidana Islam. MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 41(2), 280–301. https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v41i2.488
Henriksen, I. O. (2016). Self-Esteem as a Resilience Factor for Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Attention Problems: Evidence from A Clinical Population of Adolescents. Graduate Thesis in Medicine NTNU, 1–15.
Henriksen, I. O., Ranøyen, I., Indredavik, M. S., & Stenseng, F. (2017). The Role of Self-esteem in the Development of Psychiatric Problems: A Three-year Prospective Study in A Clinical Sample of Adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 11(68), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-017-0207-y
Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., D, E. L. B., Jackson, B., & Yuen, T. (2011). What Is Resilience? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 258–265.
Hidayati, N., & Rahayuningsih, I. (2014). Bentuk Dan Dampak Kekerasan Di Tempat Kerja (Workplace Bullying) Pada Buruh Pabrik Di Gresik. Jurnal Psikosains, 9(2), 125–139.
Jaufalaily, N., & Himam, F. (2017). Resilience as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Forgiveness and Happiness Among College Student. Anima Indonesian Psychological Journal, 32(3), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v32i3.626
Kaplan, R. M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2017). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues (9th Ed). Australia: Cengage Learning.
Karatas, Z., & Cakar, F. S. (2011). Self-Esteem and Hopelessness, and Resiliency: An Exploratory Study of Adolescents in Turkey. International Education Studies, 4(4), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v4n4p84
Karduz, F. F. A., & Saricam, H. (2018). The Relationships between Positivity, Forgiveness, Happiness, and Revenge. Revista Românească Pentru Educaţie Multidimensională, 10(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/68 The
Kim, H. K., & Lee, M. (2014). Effectiveness of Forgiveness Therapy on Resilience, Self-esteem, and Spirituality of Wives of Alcoholics. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 44(3), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.3.237
Kirmani, M. N. (2015). Gratitude, Forgiveness, and Subjective-well-being Among College Going Students. International Journal Of Public Mental Health And Neurosciences, 2(2), 1–10.
KJ, L. (2018). Forgiveness: Definitions, Perspectives, Contexts, and Correlates. Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, 08(03), 1000342. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000342
Kumar, A., & Dixit, V. (2014). Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Resilience Among Indian Youth. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 5(12), 1414–1419.
Kurniawan, B., Neviyarni, N., & Solfema, S. (2018). The Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Resilience of Adolescents who Living in Orphanages. International Journal of Research in Counseling and Education, 1(1), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.24036/0054za0002
Kwek, A., Bui, H. T., Rynne, J., & So, K. K. F. (2013). The Impacts of Self-Esteem and Resilience on Academic Performance: An Investigation of Domestic and International Hospitality and Tourism Undergraduate Students. Journal of Hospitality, 23, 110–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2013.826946
Marks, M. J., Trafimow, D., Busche, L. K., & Oates, K. N. (2013). A Function of Forgiveness: Exploring the Relationship Between Negative Mood and Forgiving. SAGE Open, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013507267
Mary, E. M., & Patra, S. (2016). Relationship between Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Resilience among the Adolescents. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 63–68.
McCullough, M. E. (2001). Forgiveness: Who Does It and How Do They Do It? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00147
Min, J. A., Lee, N. Bin, Lee, C. U., Lee, C., & Chae, J. H. (2012). Low Trait Anxiety, High Resilience, and Their Interaction as Possible Predictors for Treatment Response in Patients With Depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 137(1–3), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.026
Nagra, G. S., Lin, A., & Upthegrove, R. (2016). What Bridges the Gap Between Self-harm and Suicidality? The Role of Forgiveness, Resilience, and Attachment. Psychiatry Research, 241, 78–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.103
Najam-us-Sahar, & Muzaffar, N. (2017). Role of Family System, Positive Emotions, and Resilience in Social Adjustment among Pakistani Adolescents. Journal of Educational, Health, and Community Psychology, 6(2), 46–58.
Nashori, F. (2015). Psikologi Pemaafan. Yogyakarta: Safiria Insania Press.
Prasetyo, A. B. E. (2014). Bullying di Sekolah dan Dampaknya bagi Masa Depan Anak. El-Tarbawi, 4(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.20885/tarbawi.vol4.iss1.art2
Reivich, K., & Shatté, A. (2002). The Resilience Factor: 7 Essential Skills for Overcoming Life’s Inevitable Obstacles. New York, New York, United States: Broadway Books.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Saffarinia, M., Mohammadi, N., & Afshar, H. (2016). The Role of Interpersonal Forgiveness in Resilience and Severity of Pain in Chronic Pain Patients. Fundamentals of Mental Health, 18(4), 212–219.
Sagone, E., & Caroli, M. E. De. (2013). Relationships between Resilience, Self-Efficacy, and Thinking Styles in Italian Middle Adolescents. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 92, 838 – 845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.763
Saifuddin, A. (2019). Penelitian Eksperimen Dalam Psikologi. Jakarta: Kencana.
Saifuddin, A. (2020). Penyusunan Skala Psikologi. Jakarta: Kencana.
Saputro, I., & Nashori, F. (2017). Resiliensi Mahasiswa Ditinjau dari Pemaafan dan Sifat Kepribadian Agreeableness. Jurnal Psikologi Islam, 4(2), 171–180.
Schmitt, D. P., & Allik, J. (2005). Simultaneous administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(4), 623–642. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.623
Septarianda, E., Malay, M. N., & Ulfah, K. (2020). Hubungan Forgiveness dengan Subjective Well-Being pada Remaja di Panti Asuhan. Jurnal Psikologi Malahayati, 2(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.33024/jpm.v2i1.2488
Sharil, H., Abdullah, L. I. M., Rushdan, M., Jailani, M., & Mansor, S. (2018). Forgiveness and Resilience Among Staff in the Government Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation. International Journal of Management and Applied Science, 4(5), 1–5.
Smith, P. K. (2016). Bullying: Definition, Types, Causes, Consequences, and Intervention. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(9), 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12266
Soni, P. (2015). A Study on the Relationship Between Resilience and Forgiveness. Indian Journal of Mental Health(IJMH), 3(1), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.30877/ijmh.3.1.2016.57-61
Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience Definitions, Theory, and Challenges: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
Sudirman, S. A., Suud, F. M., Rouzi, K. S., & Sari, D. P. (2019). Forgiveness and Happiness Through Resilience. Al-Qalb: Jurnal Psikologi Islam, 10(2), 113–132.
Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., … Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 314–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
Toussaint, L., & Friedman, P. (2008). Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Affect and Beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(6), 635–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9111-8
Veselka, Z., Geckova, A. M., Orosova, O., Gajdosova, B., van Dijk, J. P., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2009). Self-esteem and Resilience: The Connection with Risky Behavior Among Adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 34(3), 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.11.005
Wade, N. G., Hoyt, W. T., Kidwell, J. E. M., & Worthington, E. L. (2014). Efficacy of Psychotherapeutic Interventions to Promote Forgiveness: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(1), 154–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035268
Watson, H., Rapee, R., & Todorov, N. (2015). Forgiveness Reduces Anger in a School Bullying Context. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(11), 1642–1657. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515589931
Wolke, D., & Lereya, S. T. (2015). Long-term Effects of Bullying. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100, 879–885. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306667
Woods, S., Wolke, D., Nowickic, S., & Hall, L. (2009). Emotion Recognition Abilities and Empathy of Victims of Bullying. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33, 307–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.11.002
Worthington, E. L., Griffin, B. J., Toussaint, L. L., Nonterah, C. W., Utsey, S. O., & Garthe, R. C. (2016). Forgiveness as A Catalyst for Psychological, Physical, and Spiritual Resilience in Disasters and Crises. Journal of Psychology and Theology, Vol. 44, pp. 152–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711604400206
Worthington Jr, E. L., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness Is An Emotion-Focused Coping Strategy That Can Reduce Health Risks And Promote Health Resilience: Theory, Review, And Hypothesis. Psychology & Health, 19(3), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000196674
Wulandari, I., & Megawati, F. E. (2020). The Role of Forgiveness on Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents: A Review. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 99–103. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.022
Zhang, C. (2017). Forgiveness Among College Students with Past Bullying Victimization Experiences. Dissertation Boston University, 1–119.
Azwar, S. (2016). Reliabilitas dan Validitas (4 Ed). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Balgiu, B. A. (2017). Self-esteem, Personality, and Resilience: Study of A Students Emerging Adults Group. Journal of Educational Sciences & Psychology, VII (LXIX)(1), 93–99.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-Efficacy: Toward A Unifying Theory Of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, USA: W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.
Brush, B. L., McGee, E. M., Cavanagh, B., & Woodward, M. (2001). Forgiveness: A Concept Analysis. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 19(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/089801010101900104
Burnette, J. L., Davisson, E. K., Finkel, E. J., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Hui, C. M., & Hoyle, R. H. (2014). Self-Control and Forgiveness: A Meta-Analytic Review. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613502991
Cast, A. D., & Burke, P. J. (2002). A Theory of Self-Esteem. Social Forces, 80(3), 1041–1068. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2002.0003
Chaudhary, H., Jyoti, & Chaudhary, S. (2014). Positive Emotions, Resilience, Gratitude, and Forgiveness: Role of Positive Psychology in the 21st Century. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 528–530.
Chen, H. (2016). A Theoretic Review of Emotion Regulation. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 04(02), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.42020
Chung, J. O. K., Lam, K. K. W., Ho, K. Y., Cheung, A. T., Ho, L. L. K., Gibson, F., & Li, W. H. C. (2018). Relationships Among Resilience, Self-Esteem, and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(13–14), 2396–2405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105318800159
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of A New Resilience Scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecedents of Self-Esteem. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Company.
Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Bullying and Being Bullied by Peers in Childhood and Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(4), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.504
Daryanti, E. T., Yuwono, D., & Sugiharto, P. (2020). Forgivingness and Subjective Well-Being of the Female Prisoners. Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 9(134), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.15294 /junk.v9i1.29126
Djamahar, R., Dewahrani, Y., R., & Octaviani, R. (2020). Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Negative Emotional State with Academic Procrastination in Final Level Students. Indonesian Journal of Biology Education, 3(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.31002/ijobe.v3i1.2290
Egan, L. A., & Todorov, N. (2009). Forgiveness as a Coping Strategy to Allow School Students to Deal With the Effects of Being Bullied: Theoretical and Empirical Discussion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(2), 198–222. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.2.198
Gençoğlu, C., Şahin, E., & Topkaya, N. (2018). General Self-Efficacy and Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations as Predictors of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in University Students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 18(3), 605–626. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.3.0128
Griffin, B. J., Worthington Jr., E. L., Greer, C. L., Lin, Y., Davis, D. E., & Hook, J. N. (2015). Efficacy of a Self-Forgiveness Workbook: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Interpersonal Offenders. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000060
Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion Regulation: Affective, Cognitive, and Social Consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017.S0048577201393198
Habibi, M. M., & Hidayati, F. (2018). Hubungan Antara Pemaafan Diri Sendiri, Pemaafan Orang Lain, Dan Pemaafan Situasi Dengan Resiliensi Pada Mahasiswa Baru (Studi Korelasi Pada Mahasiswa Baru Universitas Diponegoro Semarang). Empati, 6(2), 62–69.
Hatta, M. (2018). Tindakan Perundungan (Bullying) Dalam Dunia Pendidikan Ditinjau Berdasarkan Hukum Pidana Islam. MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 41(2), 280–301. https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v41i2.488
Henriksen, I. O. (2016). Self-Esteem as a Resilience Factor for Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Attention Problems: Evidence from A Clinical Population of Adolescents. Graduate Thesis in Medicine NTNU, 1–15.
Henriksen, I. O., Ranøyen, I., Indredavik, M. S., & Stenseng, F. (2017). The Role of Self-esteem in the Development of Psychiatric Problems: A Three-year Prospective Study in A Clinical Sample of Adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 11(68), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-017-0207-y
Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., D, E. L. B., Jackson, B., & Yuen, T. (2011). What Is Resilience? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 258–265.
Hidayati, N., & Rahayuningsih, I. (2014). Bentuk Dan Dampak Kekerasan Di Tempat Kerja (Workplace Bullying) Pada Buruh Pabrik Di Gresik. Jurnal Psikosains, 9(2), 125–139.
Jaufalaily, N., & Himam, F. (2017). Resilience as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Forgiveness and Happiness Among College Student. Anima Indonesian Psychological Journal, 32(3), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v32i3.626
Kaplan, R. M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2017). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues (9th Ed). Australia: Cengage Learning.
Karatas, Z., & Cakar, F. S. (2011). Self-Esteem and Hopelessness, and Resiliency: An Exploratory Study of Adolescents in Turkey. International Education Studies, 4(4), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v4n4p84
Karduz, F. F. A., & Saricam, H. (2018). The Relationships between Positivity, Forgiveness, Happiness, and Revenge. Revista Românească Pentru Educaţie Multidimensională, 10(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/68 The
Kim, H. K., & Lee, M. (2014). Effectiveness of Forgiveness Therapy on Resilience, Self-esteem, and Spirituality of Wives of Alcoholics. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 44(3), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.3.237
Kirmani, M. N. (2015). Gratitude, Forgiveness, and Subjective-well-being Among College Going Students. International Journal Of Public Mental Health And Neurosciences, 2(2), 1–10.
KJ, L. (2018). Forgiveness: Definitions, Perspectives, Contexts, and Correlates. Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, 08(03), 1000342. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000342
Kumar, A., & Dixit, V. (2014). Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Resilience Among Indian Youth. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 5(12), 1414–1419.
Kurniawan, B., Neviyarni, N., & Solfema, S. (2018). The Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Resilience of Adolescents who Living in Orphanages. International Journal of Research in Counseling and Education, 1(1), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.24036/0054za0002
Kwek, A., Bui, H. T., Rynne, J., & So, K. K. F. (2013). The Impacts of Self-Esteem and Resilience on Academic Performance: An Investigation of Domestic and International Hospitality and Tourism Undergraduate Students. Journal of Hospitality, 23, 110–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2013.826946
Marks, M. J., Trafimow, D., Busche, L. K., & Oates, K. N. (2013). A Function of Forgiveness: Exploring the Relationship Between Negative Mood and Forgiving. SAGE Open, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013507267
Mary, E. M., & Patra, S. (2016). Relationship between Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Resilience among the Adolescents. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 63–68.
McCullough, M. E. (2001). Forgiveness: Who Does It and How Do They Do It? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00147
Min, J. A., Lee, N. Bin, Lee, C. U., Lee, C., & Chae, J. H. (2012). Low Trait Anxiety, High Resilience, and Their Interaction as Possible Predictors for Treatment Response in Patients With Depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 137(1–3), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.026
Nagra, G. S., Lin, A., & Upthegrove, R. (2016). What Bridges the Gap Between Self-harm and Suicidality? The Role of Forgiveness, Resilience, and Attachment. Psychiatry Research, 241, 78–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.103
Najam-us-Sahar, & Muzaffar, N. (2017). Role of Family System, Positive Emotions, and Resilience in Social Adjustment among Pakistani Adolescents. Journal of Educational, Health, and Community Psychology, 6(2), 46–58.
Nashori, F. (2015). Psikologi Pemaafan. Yogyakarta: Safiria Insania Press.
Prasetyo, A. B. E. (2014). Bullying di Sekolah dan Dampaknya bagi Masa Depan Anak. El-Tarbawi, 4(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.20885/tarbawi.vol4.iss1.art2
Reivich, K., & Shatté, A. (2002). The Resilience Factor: 7 Essential Skills for Overcoming Life’s Inevitable Obstacles. New York, New York, United States: Broadway Books.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Saffarinia, M., Mohammadi, N., & Afshar, H. (2016). The Role of Interpersonal Forgiveness in Resilience and Severity of Pain in Chronic Pain Patients. Fundamentals of Mental Health, 18(4), 212–219.
Sagone, E., & Caroli, M. E. De. (2013). Relationships between Resilience, Self-Efficacy, and Thinking Styles in Italian Middle Adolescents. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 92, 838 – 845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.763
Saifuddin, A. (2019). Penelitian Eksperimen Dalam Psikologi. Jakarta: Kencana.
Saifuddin, A. (2020). Penyusunan Skala Psikologi. Jakarta: Kencana.
Saputro, I., & Nashori, F. (2017). Resiliensi Mahasiswa Ditinjau dari Pemaafan dan Sifat Kepribadian Agreeableness. Jurnal Psikologi Islam, 4(2), 171–180.
Schmitt, D. P., & Allik, J. (2005). Simultaneous administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(4), 623–642. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.623
Septarianda, E., Malay, M. N., & Ulfah, K. (2020). Hubungan Forgiveness dengan Subjective Well-Being pada Remaja di Panti Asuhan. Jurnal Psikologi Malahayati, 2(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.33024/jpm.v2i1.2488
Sharil, H., Abdullah, L. I. M., Rushdan, M., Jailani, M., & Mansor, S. (2018). Forgiveness and Resilience Among Staff in the Government Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation. International Journal of Management and Applied Science, 4(5), 1–5.
Smith, P. K. (2016). Bullying: Definition, Types, Causes, Consequences, and Intervention. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(9), 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12266
Soni, P. (2015). A Study on the Relationship Between Resilience and Forgiveness. Indian Journal of Mental Health(IJMH), 3(1), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.30877/ijmh.3.1.2016.57-61
Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience Definitions, Theory, and Challenges: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
Sudirman, S. A., Suud, F. M., Rouzi, K. S., & Sari, D. P. (2019). Forgiveness and Happiness Through Resilience. Al-Qalb: Jurnal Psikologi Islam, 10(2), 113–132.
Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., … Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 314–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
Toussaint, L., & Friedman, P. (2008). Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Affect and Beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(6), 635–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9111-8
Veselka, Z., Geckova, A. M., Orosova, O., Gajdosova, B., van Dijk, J. P., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2009). Self-esteem and Resilience: The Connection with Risky Behavior Among Adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 34(3), 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.11.005
Wade, N. G., Hoyt, W. T., Kidwell, J. E. M., & Worthington, E. L. (2014). Efficacy of Psychotherapeutic Interventions to Promote Forgiveness: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(1), 154–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035268
Watson, H., Rapee, R., & Todorov, N. (2015). Forgiveness Reduces Anger in a School Bullying Context. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(11), 1642–1657. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515589931
Wolke, D., & Lereya, S. T. (2015). Long-term Effects of Bullying. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100, 879–885. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306667
Woods, S., Wolke, D., Nowickic, S., & Hall, L. (2009). Emotion Recognition Abilities and Empathy of Victims of Bullying. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33, 307–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.11.002
Worthington, E. L., Griffin, B. J., Toussaint, L. L., Nonterah, C. W., Utsey, S. O., & Garthe, R. C. (2016). Forgiveness as A Catalyst for Psychological, Physical, and Spiritual Resilience in Disasters and Crises. Journal of Psychology and Theology, Vol. 44, pp. 152–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711604400206
Worthington Jr, E. L., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness Is An Emotion-Focused Coping Strategy That Can Reduce Health Risks And Promote Health Resilience: Theory, Review, And Hypothesis. Psychology & Health, 19(3), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000196674
Wulandari, I., & Megawati, F. E. (2020). The Role of Forgiveness on Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents: A Review. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 99–103. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.022
Zhang, C. (2017). Forgiveness Among College Students with Past Bullying Victimization Experiences. Dissertation Boston University, 1–119.
Article Sidebar
Published
Dec 10, 2020
Article Details
How to Cite
Muvariz, D. H., Fitriani, H. N., Nisrina, I., & Nashori, F. (2020). FORGIVENESS, SELF-ESTEEM, AND RESILIENCE IN ADULT VICTIMS OF BULLYING. Al-Balagh : Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 5(2), 165–192. https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v5i2.2375
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
This ejournal system and it's contents licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License