BARRIERS TO CAREER ADVANCEMENT OF FEMALE JOURNALISTS IN INDONESIA
Main Article Content
Keywords
gender, journalism, leadership, mass media
Abstract
than their female counterparts due to the heavy fieldwork and irregular working hours. Determining whether this assumption remains relevant, this study maps the proportion of female and male journalists in ten Indonesian mass media organizations while also exploring the factors that contribute to the condition.This research applies quantitative and qualitative mixed methods, involving journalists in 10 media (n = 811) at both the reporter and managerial levels, and a focused-group discussion (FGD) with 14 female editors. At the reporter level, there are 64% male and 36% female journalists. At the managerial level, the figures change to 77% (men) and 23% (women). The three factors that hinder the career of female journalists are a double burden (career and household), mental barriers, and ‘masculine’ office politics.
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References
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Okoro, N., & Chinweobo-Onuoha, B. (2013). Journalists’ Perception Of Brown Envelope Syndrome And Its Implications For Journalism Practice In Nigeria. Covenant Journal Of Communication (CJOC), 1(2), 130–144.
Oren, T., & Press, A. (2019). The Routledge Handbook Of Contemporary Feminism. Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Pathak, B., Bhawalkar, A., Sharma, A., & Saxena, D. (2018). A Study On Challenges And Opportunities For Women Journalists In Media Industry Of Bhopal Region. International Journal Of Research Of Research And Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 5(3), 68–79.
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Safa, M. N., & Akter, T. (2015). Challenges Of Female Journalists In Bangladesh. Humanities And Social Sciences, 3(5), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20150305.17
Saputra, M. B. (2020). Ahok And Blasphemy Case In Kompas And Republika Online Media: A Clash Of Ideologies. Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 5(1), 59–94. https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v5i1.1991
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Sunarto, S. (2020). Naturalization Of Masculinism: How Female Journalist Leaders In Local Media Resist It. Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 9(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v9i1.11983
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Ulhaq, S. N. (2020). Psikologi Jurnalis Perempuan Bersuami: Studi Fenomenologi Pengalaman Jurnalis Perempuan Dalam Menjalankan Profesinya Di Kota Bandung, Diploma Thesis (Unpublished). Bandung: UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
Utari, P., & Nilan, P. (2004). The Lucky Few: Female Graduates Of Communication Studies In The Indonesian Media Industry. Asia Pacific Media Educator, (15), 63–80.
Utari, P., & Nilan, P. (2008). Meaning Of Work For Female Media And Communication Workers. In M. Ford & L. Parker (Eds.), Women And Work In Indonesia (p. 136). Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Vu, H. T., Barnett, B., Duong, H. T., & Lee, T. T. (2019). ‘Delicate And Durable’: An Analysis Of Women’s Leadership And Media Practices In Vietnam. International Journal Of Media & Cultural Politics, 15(1), 87–108. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.15.1.87_1
Wahid, S. W., & Pratiwi, R. Z. B. (2018). The Construction Of Tionghoa Ethnic Stereotype In Ngenest Movie. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 1(2), 54–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33005/jkom.v0i2.24
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Who Are The Decision Makers? (2017). Retrieved April 15, 2020, from womeninjournalism.co.uk website: httpss://womeninjournalism.co.uk/research/
Zenger, J., & Folkman, J. (2019). Women Score Higher Than Men In Most Leadership Skill. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from hbr.org website: https://hbr.org/2019/06/research-women-score-higher-than-men-in-most-leadership-skills
Abdullah, I. (1997). Sangkan Paran Gender. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Adisa, T., Abdulraheem, I., & Isiaka, S. B. (2019). Patriarchal Hegemony: Investigating The Impact Of Patriarchy On Women’s Work-Life Balance. Gender In Management: An International Journal, 34(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2018-0095
Afsar, M., & Kumari, S. (2020a). Case Study Of Urban And Rural Women Journalists In India. 4th International Conference Of Social Science, Humanities, & Education, 102–115. Berlin. Retrieved from www.icshe.org
Afsar, M., & Kumari, S. (2020b). Empowerment Of Women Journalists Through Technology In Rural Areas Of India. 3rd International Conference On Advanced Research In Social Science And Humanities, 34–43. Stockholm. Retrieved from www.icarsh.org
Al Mushi, C. A. (2018). Praktik Profesionalisme Jurnalis Perempuan Dalam Pemberitaan Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan: Studi Fenomenologi Terhadap Perempuan Di Media Online Kota Bandung, Diploma Thesis (Unpublished). Bandung: UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
Aliansi Jurnalis Independen. (2012). Jejak Jurnalis Perempuan: Pemetaan Kondisi Kerja Jurnalis Perempuan Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Aliansi Jurnalis Independen (AJI).
Anggraeni, D. (2018). Analisis Framing Entman Berita Tata Kelola Pangan Di Media Online. Jurnal The Messenger, 10(1), 113–114. https://doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v10i1.711
Bire, R. M., Mas'amah, & Hana, F. T. (2019). Perempuan Dan Jurnalisme: Studi Fenomenologi Terhadap Profesionalisme Jurnalis Perempuan Di Kota Kupang. Journal Digital Media & Relationship, 1(1), 31–38.
Boateng, K. J. A., & Lauk, E. (2020). Multiskilled In Many Ways: Ghanaian Female Journalists Between Job And Home. Communication Today, 11(2), 46–63.
Born, A., Ranehill, E., & Sandberg, A. (2018). A Man’s World? The Impact Of A Male Dominated Environment On Female Leadership. Working Papers in Economics, 744, 1-80.
Byerly, C. M. (2011). Global Report On The Status Women In The News Media. Washington, DC: International Women’s Media Foundation [IWMF].
Chih-Pei, H. U., & Chang, Y.-Y. (2017). John W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 205–207. https://doi.org/10.1453/jsas.v4i2.1313
Chioma, P. E., Okere, S., Alao, O. O., Atakiti, I. O., & Jegede, O. O. (2015). Career Considerations In Journalism Among Female Mass Communication Students Of Redeemers University. Research On Humanities And Social Sciences, 5(14), 1–8.
Creswell, J. W. & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry And Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th Ed.). California, United States: SAGE Publications.
Exley, C. L., & Kessler, J. B. (2019). The Gender Gap In Self-Promotion (Working Paper No. 26345). Massachusetts, United States: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Fakih, M. (2020). Analisis Gender Dan Transformasi Sosial (Edisi Klasik). Yogyakarta: Insist Press.
Glass, C., & Cook, A. (2018). Do Women Leaders Promote Positive Change? Analyzing The Effect Of Gender On Business Practices And Diversity Initiatives. Human Resource Management, 57(4), 823–837. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21838
Guillén, L., Mayo, M., & Karelaia, N. (2018). Appearing Selfâ€Confident And Getting Credit For It: Why It May Be Easier For Men Than Women To Gain Influence At Work. Human Resource Management, 57(4), 839–854. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21857
Hadiati, E., Abdullah, I., & Udasmoro, W. (2013). Konstruksi Media Terhadap Pemberitaan Kasus Perempuan Koruptor. Al-Ulum, 13(2), 345–372.
Ireri, K. (2017). A National Survey Of Demographics Composition Of Kenyan Journalists. Journalism, 18(2), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915599950
Kalaitzi, S., Czabanowska, K., Fowler-Davis, S., & Brand, H. (2017). Women Leadership Barriers In Healthcare, Academia And Business. Equality, Diversity And Inclusion: An International Journal, 36(3), 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-03-2017-0058
Karliani, W., Umran, L. M., & Iba, L. (2020). Eksistensi Jurnalis Perempuan Dalam Kesetaraan Gender Di Media Siber Sultrakini.com. Convergence: Jurnal Online Jurnalistik, 2(2), 11–19.
KataData. (2018). Tingkat Kepemirsaan Stasiun Televisi, Siapa Unggul? Retrieved April 15, 2020, from katadata.id website: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2018/06/26/tingkat-kepemirsaan-stasiun-televisi-siapa-unggul
Maryani, E., Janitra, P. A., & Rahmawan, D. (2019). Bias Gender Dalam Artikel Di Media Lokal. In Communication And Information Beyond Boundaries (1st ed., p. 21). Bandung: Aksel Media Akselerasi.
Maulina, P. (2017). Pembungkaman Terhadap Perempuan Dalam Teks Pemberitaan Syariat Islam. Bidayah: Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 8(1), 120–133.
Melati, N. K. (2019). Membicarakan Feminisme. Yogyakarta: EA Books.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2018). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, California, United States: SAGE Publications.
Millie, K., & Bellamy, P.-J. (2014). The Business Women’s Association Of Uzbekistan: A Qualitative Study Of The Emergence And Potential Influence Of Women’s Leadership In Central Asia. Journal Of Eastern European And Central Asian Research, 1(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v1i1.34
Murtiningsih, B. S. E., & Advenita, G. E. M. (2017). Representation Of Patriarchal Culture In New Media: A Case Study Of News And Advertisement On Tribunnews. Com. Mediterranean Journal Of Social Sciences, 8(3), 143. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n3p143
Nasution, I. F. A. (2017). Islam Agama Teror? (Analisis Pembingkaian Berita Media Online Kompas.com Dalam Kasus Charlie Hebdo). Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 2(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.22515/balagh.v2i1.753
Oey-Gardiner, M. (2002). And the Winner Is … Indonesian Women In Public Life. In K. Robinson & S. Bessell (Eds.), Women In Indonesia Gender, Equity And Development (pp. 100–112). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789812305152-016
Okoro, N., & Chinweobo-Onuoha, B. (2013). Journalists’ Perception Of Brown Envelope Syndrome And Its Implications For Journalism Practice In Nigeria. Covenant Journal Of Communication (CJOC), 1(2), 130–144.
Oren, T., & Press, A. (2019). The Routledge Handbook Of Contemporary Feminism. Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Pathak, B., Bhawalkar, A., Sharma, A., & Saxena, D. (2018). A Study On Challenges And Opportunities For Women Journalists In Media Industry Of Bhopal Region. International Journal Of Research Of Research And Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 5(3), 68–79.
Pratiwi, R. Z. B. (2015). Pola Komunikasi Perempuan Dalam Mengkonstruksi Identitas Gender Pada Gerakan PKK. Journal Of Rural And Development, 6(1), 85–100.
Rawes, E. M. (2018). Key Differences Between Managerial & Nonmanagerial Employees. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from bizfluent.com website: https://bizfluent.com/info-12132280-key-differences-between-managerial-nonmanagerial-employees.html
Ritonga, R., Murwani, E., & Ritonga, S. (2017). Gender Awareness Of Maria Hartiningsih As Kompas Reporter. Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia, 2(2), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.25008/jkiski.v2i2.102
Safa, M. N., & Akter, T. (2015). Challenges Of Female Journalists In Bangladesh. Humanities And Social Sciences, 3(5), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20150305.17
Saputra, M. B. (2020). Ahok And Blasphemy Case In Kompas And Republika Online Media: A Clash Of Ideologies. Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 5(1), 59–94. https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v5i1.1991
Stellarosa, Y., & Silaban, M. W. (2019). Perempuan, Media Dan Profesi Jurnalis. Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi, 7(1), 97–109. https://doi.org/10.24198/jkk.v7i1.18844
Sunarto, S. (2020). Naturalization Of Masculinism: How Female Journalist Leaders In Local Media Resist It. Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 9(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v9i1.11983
Sunarto, S., Nurul, H., & Amida, Y. (2020). Esensi Kepemimpinan Jurnalis Wanita Di Media Pada Era 4.0. Semarang: CV Alinea Media Dipantara.
Tamburaka, A. (2013). Literasi Media: Cerdas Bermedia Khalayak Media Massa. Jakarta: PT Rajagrafindo Persada.
Tapsell, R. (2018). Kuasa Media Di Indonesia: Kaum Oligarki, Warga, Dan Revolusi Digital. Tangerang Selatan: Margin Kiri.
Ulhaq, S. N. (2020). Psikologi Jurnalis Perempuan Bersuami: Studi Fenomenologi Pengalaman Jurnalis Perempuan Dalam Menjalankan Profesinya Di Kota Bandung, Diploma Thesis (Unpublished). Bandung: UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
Utari, P., & Nilan, P. (2004). The Lucky Few: Female Graduates Of Communication Studies In The Indonesian Media Industry. Asia Pacific Media Educator, (15), 63–80.
Utari, P., & Nilan, P. (2008). Meaning Of Work For Female Media And Communication Workers. In M. Ford & L. Parker (Eds.), Women And Work In Indonesia (p. 136). Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Vu, H. T., Barnett, B., Duong, H. T., & Lee, T. T. (2019). ‘Delicate And Durable’: An Analysis Of Women’s Leadership And Media Practices In Vietnam. International Journal Of Media & Cultural Politics, 15(1), 87–108. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.15.1.87_1
Wahid, S. W., & Pratiwi, R. Z. B. (2018). The Construction Of Tionghoa Ethnic Stereotype In Ngenest Movie. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 1(2), 54–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33005/jkom.v0i2.24
Women's Media Center. (2019). The Status of Women in the U.S. Media 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from womensmediacenter.com website: from https://womensmediacenter.com/reports/status-of-women-in-us-media
Who Are The Decision Makers? (2017). Retrieved April 15, 2020, from womeninjournalism.co.uk website: httpss://womeninjournalism.co.uk/research/
Zenger, J., & Folkman, J. (2019). Women Score Higher Than Men In Most Leadership Skill. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from hbr.org website: https://hbr.org/2019/06/research-women-score-higher-than-men-in-most-leadership-skills
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Jun 12, 2021
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Dwifatma, A. D. (2021). BARRIERS TO CAREER ADVANCEMENT OF FEMALE JOURNALISTS IN INDONESIA. Al-Balagh : Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 6(1), 131–158. https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.3309
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