THE DISCOURSE OF WOMEN'S PIETY AND GENDER BIAS CONSTRUCTION ON MUSLIMAH WEBSITES IN INDONESIA
Main Article Content
Keywords
digital religion, discourse of piety, gender bias
Abstract
The presence of the internet as a marker of the emergence of new media cannot be denied, raising the concept of digital religion as an important element in the presentation of religion at the level of the digital world landscape. In Indonesia, the encounter of Muslim women with the internet has presented religious narratives within the scope of the online world, not least in terms of discourse on gender issues. Using the netnographic method and supported by content analysis, this paper attempts to research and analyze two websites, specifically muslimahnews.com and muslimah.or.id. The findings indicate that the two websites, which contain discourses on women's piety and gender bias, demonstrate that gender inequality on the internet is not directly caused by a lack of women participation but rather by a strong interpretation of gender-biased Islamic ideology in the real world, which is reflected in the virtual world. In other words, the existence of gender bias in Muslim women's websites in Indonesia is a matter of using technology. It is also caused by the construction of gender-biased religious ideology, which previously existed in the offline landscape.
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References
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Kozinets, R. V. (2009). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. London, United Kingdom: Sage Publications.
Kusuma, R. S., & Vitasari, Y. (2017). Gendering The Internet: Perempuan Pada Ruang Gender Yang Berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 14(1), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.24002/jik.v14i1.740
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Mansour, D. (2014). Women’s Rights In Islamic Shari’a: Between Interpretation, Culture And Politics. Muslim World Journal Of Human Rights, 11(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1515/mwjhr-2012-0006
Muhana, A. S. (2014). Persepsi Muslimah Terhadap Konten Situs “muslimah.or.id” Dalam Menyampaikan Nilai-Nilai Islam (Jamaah Masjid Pogung Raya). Thesis Underdraguate (Unpublished). Yogyakarta: UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
Munawir. (2017). Muslim Puritan Dan Muslim Moderat (Pembacaan Terhadap Kedudukan Perempuan). Fikrah: Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah Dan Studi Keagamaan, 5(1), 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/fikrah.v5i1.2068
Musa, I. A. (2012). Islamic Studies In A New Digital Age. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/4266891/ISLAMIC_STUDIES_IN_A_NEW_DIGITAL_AGE
Muslimah.or.id. (n.d.-a). Engkau Lebih Cantik Bercadar (Mengangkat Kekhawatiran dan Belum Siapnya Wanita Untuk Memakai Cadar)-Bagian 4. Retrieved June 10, 2021, from Muslimah.Or.Id website: https://muslimah.or.id/3223-engkau-lebih-cantik-bercadar-mengangkat-kekhawatiran-dan-belum-siapnya-wanita-untuk-memakai-cadar-bagian-4.html
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Shihab, M. Q. (2018). Jilbab: Pakaian Wanita Muslimah. Tangerang: Lentera Hati.
The Digital Divide: The Special Case of Gender. (2006). Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(5), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00185.x
Tresna, Y. R. (2020). Propaganda Antijilbab, Upaya Mendistorsi Ajaran Islam (Bagian 2/2). Retrieved June 8, 2021, from Muslimah News website: https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/10/04/propaganda-antijilbab-upaya-mendistorsi-ajaran-islam-bagian-2-2/
Turner, B. S. (2010). Islam, Public Religions And The Secularization Debate. In G. Marranci (Ed.), Muslim Societies And The Challenge Of Secularization: An Interdisciplinary Approach (pp. 11–30). Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3362-8_2
Ulfah, I. (2012). Menolak Kesetaraan: Counter-Discourse Dan Motif Politik Di Balik Gagasan Anti Feminisme MHTI. Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Islam, 11(1), 85–114. https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2012.111.85-114
Umar, N. (2001). Argumentasi Kesetaraan Gender: Perspektif Al-Qur’an. Jakarta: Paramadina.
Welter, B. (1966). The Cult Of True Womanhood: 1820-1860. American Quarterly, 18, 151–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2711179
Ali, S. S. (2010). Cyberspace As Emerging Muslim Discursive Space? Online Fatawa On Women And Gender Relations And Its Impact On Muslim Family Law Norms. International Journal Of Law, Policy And The Family, 24(3), 338–360. https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebq008
Anderson, J. W. (2003). New Media, New Publics: Reconfiguring The Public Sphere Of Islam. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 70(3), 887–906.
Latief, H., Setiawan, W., Bamualim, C. S., Abubakar, I., Nabil, M., & Pranawati, R. (2018). Kaum Muda Muslim Milenial: Konservatisme, Hibridasi Identitas, Dan Tantangan Radikalisme. Jakarta: Center For The Study Of Religion And Culture (CSRC) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
Barlas, A. (2002). Believing Women In Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations Of The Qur’an (Revised Ed). Austin, United States: University of Texas Press.
Campbell, H. A., & Evolvi, G. (2019). Contextualizing Current Digital Religion Research On Emerging Technologies. Human Behavior And Emerging Technologies, 2(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.149
Campbell, H.A. (2010). When Religion Meets New Media (1st ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203695371
Campbell, H. A. (2013). Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice In New Media Worlds (2nd ed.; H. A. Campbell & R. Tsuria, Eds.). Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429295683
Casanova, J. (2009). Religion, Politics And Gender Equality: Public Religions. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Cooper, J. (2006). The Digital Divide: The Special Case Of Gender. Journal Of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(5), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00185.x
Dixon, L. J., Correa, T., Straubhaar, J., Covarrubias, L., Graber, D., Spence, J., & Rojas, V. (2014). Gendered Space: The Digital Divide Between Male And Female Users In Internet Public Access Sites. Journal Of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(4), 991–1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12088
Eickelmall, D. F., & Anderson, J. W. (2003). New Media In The Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere. Bloomington, Indiana, United States: Indiana University Press.
Fakih, M. (2013). Mansour Fakih, Analisis Gender Dan Transformasi Sosial (15th ed.). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Fitriyana, S. N. (2019). Fenomena Dakwah Eks-HTI Pasca Dibubarkan. Islamic Communication Journal, 4(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.21580/icj.2019.4.2.4041
Goroshko, O., & Zhigalina, O. (2011). Political Blogging: At A Crossroads Of Gender And Culture Online. In T. Krijnen, C. Alvares, & S. Van Bauwe (Eds.), Gendered Transformations: Theory And Practices On Gender And Media. Chicago, Illinois, United States: The University of Chicago Press.
Helland, C. (2016). Digital Religion. In D. Yamane (Ed.), Handbooks Of Sociology And Social Research (pp. 177–196). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31395-5_10
Iqbal, A. M. (2010). Spiritualizing The Internet: Internet Dan Gerakan Salafi Di Indonesia. Bandung: Global House Publications. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315120090_Spiritualizing_the_internet_Internet_dan_Gerakan_Salafi_di_Indonesia
Joiner, R., Gavin, J., Brosnan, M., Cromby, J., Gregory, H., Guiller, J., … Moon, A. (2012). Gender, Internet Experience, Internet Identification, And Internet Anxiety: A Ten-Year Followup. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 15(7), 370–372. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0033
Jorgensen, M., & Phillips, L. J. (2002). Discourse Analysis As Theory And Method. Thousand Oaks, California, United States: Sage Publications.
Juanmartin. (2020). Desa Ramah Perempuan: Liberalisasi Perempuan Di Desa Dalam Kerangka Feminisme. Retrieved June 8, 2021, from Muslimah News website: https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/11/14/desa-ramah-perempuan-liberalisasi-perempuan-di-desa-dalam-kerangka-feminisme/
Kemp, S. (2021). Digital 2021: Indonesia. Retrieved Pebruary 11, 2021 from: datareportal.com website: https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-indonesia
Kluver, R., & Cheong, P. H. (2007). Technological Modernization, The Internet, And Religion In Singapore. Journal Of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(3), 1122–1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00366.x
Kozinets, R. V. (2009). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. London, United Kingdom: Sage Publications.
Kusuma, R. S., & Vitasari, Y. (2017). Gendering The Internet: Perempuan Pada Ruang Gender Yang Berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 14(1), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.24002/jik.v14i1.740
Lim, M. (2005). Islamic Radicalism And Anti-Americanism In Indonesia: The Role Of The Internet. Washington D.C., United States: East-West Center Washington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/3520
Lockyer, S. (2008). The Sage Encyclopedia Of Qualitative Research Methods (L. M. Given, Ed.). Thousand Oaks, California, United States: Sage Publications.
Mahtab, N., Sabur, A., & Parker, S. (2016). Revealing Gender Inequalities And Perceptions In South Asian Countries Through Discourse Analysis. Pennsylvania, United States: IGI Global.
Mansour, D. (2014). Women’s Rights In Islamic Shari’a: Between Interpretation, Culture And Politics. Muslim World Journal Of Human Rights, 11(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1515/mwjhr-2012-0006
Muhana, A. S. (2014). Persepsi Muslimah Terhadap Konten Situs “muslimah.or.id” Dalam Menyampaikan Nilai-Nilai Islam (Jamaah Masjid Pogung Raya). Thesis Underdraguate (Unpublished). Yogyakarta: UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
Munawir. (2017). Muslim Puritan Dan Muslim Moderat (Pembacaan Terhadap Kedudukan Perempuan). Fikrah: Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah Dan Studi Keagamaan, 5(1), 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/fikrah.v5i1.2068
Musa, I. A. (2012). Islamic Studies In A New Digital Age. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/4266891/ISLAMIC_STUDIES_IN_A_NEW_DIGITAL_AGE
Muslimah.or.id. (n.d.-a). Engkau Lebih Cantik Bercadar (Mengangkat Kekhawatiran dan Belum Siapnya Wanita Untuk Memakai Cadar)-Bagian 4. Retrieved June 10, 2021, from Muslimah.Or.Id website: https://muslimah.or.id/3223-engkau-lebih-cantik-bercadar-mengangkat-kekhawatiran-dan-belum-siapnya-wanita-untuk-memakai-cadar-bagian-4.html
Muslimah.or.id. (n.d.-b). Tentang Muslimah. Retrieved June 10, 2021, from Muslimah.Or.Id website: https://muslimah.or.id/tentang-muslimah
Muslimah.or.id. (n.d.-c). Topeng Emansipasi. Retrieved June 10, 2021, from Muslimah.Or.Id website: https://muslimah.or.id/179-topeng-emansipasi.html
Muslimah News. (2020). Menegakkan Syariat Kaffah Wujud Cinta Kepada Nabi Saw. Yang Hakiki. Retrieved June 10, 2021, from Muslimah News website: https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/10/24/menegakkan-syariat-kaffah-wujud-cinta-kepada-nabi-saw-yang-hakiki/
Nashifa, I. U. (n.d.). Impian Indah Wanita Barat. Retrieved June 8, 2021, from muslimah.or.id website: https://muslimah.or.id/11676-impian-indah-wanita-barat.html
Nasrullah, R. (2011). Konstruksi Identitas Muslim Di Media Baru. Komunika: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 5(2), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.24090/komunika.v5i2.172
Nawaz, N. (2018). Ketergantungan Ekonomi Kepada Suami & Peran Domestik Dan Keibuan Dipandang Menyia-Nyiakan Bakat Perempuan. Retrieved June 8, 2021, from Muslimah News website: https://www.muslimahnews.com/2018/10/16/ketergantungan-ekonomi-kepada-suami-peran-domestik-dan-keibuan-dipandang-menyia-nyiakan-bakat-perempuan/
Olviana, D. (2017). Gender Bias Dalam Framing Anti Feminisme Muslimah HTI Di Kota Surabaya. Thesis Undergraduate (Unpublished). Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga.
Purnama, Y. (n.d.). Bolehkah Muslimah Membuka Cadar Ketika Kumpul Keluarga? Retrieved June 8, 2021, from muslimah.or.id website: https://muslimah.or.id/11541-bolehkah-muslimah-membuka-cadar-ketika-kumpul-keluarga.html
Rofiana, K. (n.d.). Bangga Menjadi Ibu Rumah Tangga. Retrieved June 10, 2021, from muslimah.or.id website: https://muslimah.or.id/7230-bangga-menjadi-ibu-rumah-tangga-2.html
Shihab, M. Q. (2018). Jilbab: Pakaian Wanita Muslimah. Tangerang: Lentera Hati.
The Digital Divide: The Special Case of Gender. (2006). Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(5), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00185.x
Tresna, Y. R. (2020). Propaganda Antijilbab, Upaya Mendistorsi Ajaran Islam (Bagian 2/2). Retrieved June 8, 2021, from Muslimah News website: https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/10/04/propaganda-antijilbab-upaya-mendistorsi-ajaran-islam-bagian-2-2/
Turner, B. S. (2010). Islam, Public Religions And The Secularization Debate. In G. Marranci (Ed.), Muslim Societies And The Challenge Of Secularization: An Interdisciplinary Approach (pp. 11–30). Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3362-8_2
Ulfah, I. (2012). Menolak Kesetaraan: Counter-Discourse Dan Motif Politik Di Balik Gagasan Anti Feminisme MHTI. Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Islam, 11(1), 85–114. https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2012.111.85-114
Umar, N. (2001). Argumentasi Kesetaraan Gender: Perspektif Al-Qur’an. Jakarta: Paramadina.
Welter, B. (1966). The Cult Of True Womanhood: 1820-1860. American Quarterly, 18, 151–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2711179
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Published
Dec 18, 2021
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Rifai, A. (2021). THE DISCOURSE OF WOMEN’S PIETY AND GENDER BIAS CONSTRUCTION ON MUSLIMAH WEBSITES IN INDONESIA. Al-Balagh : Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 6(2), 303–328. https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i2.3402
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