NORMS AND NEW MEDIA AS NEW PILLARS OF NEW NETWORK TERRORISM
Main Article Content
Keywords
narratives, needs, networks, new media, new network terrorism, norms
Abstract
Terrorism is a constant phenomenon. However, the pattern and style of terrorism have changed considerably since 2010. This paper uses a case-study approach to explore the factors that lead individuals to join terrorist groups today. Analysts have long focused on three factors that drove individuals to join terrorist groups: "needs, narratives, and networks," commonly referred to as the 3N. This paper identifies two more: norms and new media (2N). Now recruitment often occurs through social media. Besides that, this study found that people who adhere to good norms are vulnerable to being affected by terrorism. The results of this study indicate that not all terrorists have bad personalities.The results of this study inform the community that the internalization of values is accomplished not only by teaching goodness but also by directing goodness. In addition, this research has implications for enhancing the digital literacy abilities of the community.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Aknin, L. B., Van de Vondervoort, J. W., & Hamlin, J. K. (2017). Positive Feelings Reward And Promote Prosocial Behavior. Current Opinion In Psychology, 20, 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.017
Ali, H., & Purwandi, L. (2019). Wajah Muslim Indonesia. In Wajah Muslim Indonesia (1st Ed, p. 210). Jakarta: Islami(dot)co.
Arciszewski, T., Verlhiac, J.-F., Goncalves, I., & Presses, A. K. (2009). From Psychology Of Terrorists To Psychology Of Terrorism. Revue Internationale De Psychologie Sociale, 3(22), 5–34.
Aryani, S. A. (2020). Orientation Of Religiosity And Radicalism: The Dynamic Of An Ex-Terrorist’s Religiosity. Indonesian Journal Of Islam And Muslim Societies, 10(2), 297–321. https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V10I2.297-321
Asongu, S. A., Orim, S. M. I., & Nting, R. T. (2019). Terrorism And Social Media: Global Evidence. Journal Of Global Information Technology Management, 22(3), 208–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2019.1642023
Azani, E., & Koblentz-Stenzler, L. (2019). Muslim Converts Who Turn To Global Jihad: Radicalization Characteristics And Countermeasures. Studies In Conflict & Terrorism, 45(2), 111–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1657304 Muslim
Azra, A. (2016). Transformasi Politik Islam: Radikalisme, Khilafatisme, Dan Demokrasi. Jakarta: Kencana Prenadamedia Group.
Babakr, Z. H., Mohamedamin, P., & Kakamad, K. (2019). Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory: Critical Review. Education Quarterly Reviews, 2(3), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.02.03.84 The
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York, USA: General Learning Cooperation.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations Of Thought And Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bandura, A. (2003). On The Psychosocial Impact And Mechanisms Of Spiritual Modeling. The International Journal For The Psychology Of Religion, 13(3), 167–173.
Baron, R. A., & Branscombe, N. R. (2011). Social Psychology (13th Ed). London, UK: Pearson Education, Inc.
Bayram, A. B. (2016). Values And Prosocial Behaviour In The Global Context: Why Values Predict Public Support For Foreign Development Assistance To Developing Countries. Journal Of Human Values, 22(2), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685815627749
Bhatt, A., & Silber, M. D. (2007). Radicalization In The West: The Homegrown Threat. New York, New York, United States: New York City Police Department.
Borum, R. (2004). Psychology Of Terrorism. Tampa: University of South Florida.
Bridges, L. J., & Moore, K. a. (2002). Religion And Spirituality In Childhood And Adolescence. In Child Trends. Retrieved from http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2002/01/Child_Trends-2002_01_01_FR_ReligionSpiritAdol.pdf
Bruce, G. (2013). How To Define Terrorism Social And Political Effects. Journal Of Military And Veterans’ Health, 21(2 May), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819100044260
Cotton, S., McGrady, M. E., & Rosenthal, S. L. (2010). Measurement Of Religiosity/Spirituality In Adolescent Health Outcomes Research: Trends And Recommendations. Journal Of Religion And Health, 49(4), 414–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-010-9324-0
Enders, W., & Sandler, T. (1993). The Effectiveness Of Antiterrorism Policies: A Vector-Autoregression- Intervention Analysis. The American Political Science Review, 87(4), 829–844. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938817
Ferguson, N., & Binks, E. (2015). Understanding Radicalization And Engagement In Terrorism Through Religious Conversion Motifs. Journal Of Strategic Security, 8(1), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.8.1.1430
Haryadi, A., & Muthia, N. (2017). Gerakan Politik Negara Islam Irak Dan Suriah (ISIS) Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Indonesia. Jurnal Transborders, 1(1), 1–19.
Hastuti, L. W. (2018). Kontrol Diri Dan Agresi: Tinjauan Meta-Analisis. Buletin Psikologi, 26(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.32805
Horgan, J. G. (2017). Psychology Of Terrorism: Introduction To The Special Issue. American Psychologist, 72(3), 199–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000148
Hossain, M. S. (2018). Social Media And Terrorism: Threats And Challenges To The Modern Era. South Asian Survey, 22(2), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971523117753280
Kaur, R. (2019). A Review On Prosocial Behavior: Social Psychology. International Journal Of Research In Engineering, IT And Social Sciences, 9(1), 227–229. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35397.91360
Khairunnisa, S., & Zain, L. (2016). Penafsiran Ayat-Ayat Pemicu Radikalisme Perspektif Ibnu Taimiyah Dan Quraish Shihab. Diya Al-Afkar, 4(2), 85–106.
King, P. E., & Roeser, R. W. (2004). Religion And Spirituality In Adolescent Development. In L. Steinberg & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook Of Adolescent Psychology (pp. 435–478). Hoboken, New Jersey, United States: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001014
Klausen, J., Campion, S., Needle, N., Nguyen, G., & Libretti, R. (2016). Toward A Behavioral Model Of “Homegrown” Radicalization Trajectories. Studies In Conflict & Terrorism, 39(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1099995
Kohlberg, L., & Hersh, R. H. (1977). Moral Development: A Review Of The Theory. Theory Into Practice, 16(2), 53–59.
Krebs, V. (2002). Mapping Networks Of Terrorist Cells. Connections, 24(3), 43–52.
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., & Gunaratna, R. (2019). The Three Pillars Of Radicalization: Needs, Narratives, And Networks. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Kruglanski, A. W., Chen, X., Dechesne, M., Fishman, S., & Orehek, E. (2009). Fully Committed: Suicide Bombers’ Motivation And The Quest For Personal Significanc. Political Psychology, 30(3), 331–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00698.x
Lankford, A., & Gillespie, K. (2011). Rehabilitating Terrorists Through Counter- Indoctrination: Lessons Learned From The Saudi Arabian Program. International Criminal Justice Review, 21(2), 118–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567711407333
Lindawaty, D. S. (2018). Terorisme: Pola Aksi Dan Antisipasinya. Info Singkat Kajian Singkat Terhadap Isu Aktual Dan Strategis, X(10), 25–30.
Lofland, J., & Stark, R. (1965). Becoming A World-Saver: A Theory Of Conversion To A Deviant Perspective. American Sociological Review, 30(6), 862–875.
Ma’arif, A. S. (2009). Prolog: Masa Depan Islam Di Indonesia. In A. Wahid (Ed.), Ilusi Negara Islam (p. 8). Jakarta: The Wahid Institute Dan Ma’arif Institute.
Macdonald, S., Correia, S. G., & Watkin, A.-L. (2019). Regulating Terrorist Content On Social Media: Automation And The Rule Of Law. International Journal Of Law In Context, 15, 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552319000119
Männik, E. (2007). Terrorism: Its Past, Present And Future Prospects. KVUOA Toimetised, 12, 151–171. https://doi.org/10.1139/E09-024
Mapparesa, A. A. (2019). Jalur Psikologis Teroris: Mengungkap Misteri Pelaku Bom Bunuh Diri Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Harakatuna.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation And Personality. New York, United States: Harper.
Mbai, A. (2014). Dinamika Baru Jejaring Teror Di Indonesia Dan Keterkaitannya Dengan Gerakan Radikalisme Transnasional. Jakarta: AS Productions Indonesia.
Milla, M. N. (2008). Bias Heuristik Dalam Proses Penilaian Dan Pengambilan Strategi Terorisme. Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 1, 9–21.
Milla, M. N. (2010). Mengapa Memilih Jalan Teror: Analisis Psikologis Pelaku Teror. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Mir, U. R., Hassan, S. M., Qadri, M. M., & Lecturer. (2014). Understanding Globalization And Its Future: An Analysis. Pakistan Journal Of Social Sciences (PJSS), 34(2), 607–624.
Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). The Staircase To Terrorism: A Psychological Exploration. American Psychologist, 60(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.161
Moghaddam, F. M. (2009). The New Global American Dilemma And Terrorism. Political Psychology, 30(3), 373–380.
Muhammad, R. (2014). ISIS: Mengungkap Fakta Terorisme Berlabel Islam. Jakarta: Noura Books.
Nasrullah, R. (2017). Media Sosial: Perspektif Komunikasi, Budaya, Dan Sosioteknologi. In Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media. Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media.
Nelson, T. D. (2015). Handbook Of Prejudice, Stereotyping, And Discrimination. In Handbook Of Prejudice, Stereotyping, And Discrimination: Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203361993
Ozer, A. C. (2016). Terrorism In The World. Journal Of Socialomics, 5(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0358.1000140
Parks-Leduc, L., Feldman, G., & Bardi, A. (2015). Personality Traits And Personal Values: A Meta-Analysis. Personality And Social Psychology Review, 19(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314538548
Parmono. (1995). Nilai Dan Norma Masyarakat. Jurnal Filsafat, 23, 20–27.
Payne, B. K. (2001). Prejudice And Perception: The Role Of Automatic And Controlled Processes In Misperceiving A Weapon. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 81(2), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.I037//0O22-3514.81.2.181
Pereira, C., Vala, J., & Costa-Lopes, R. (2010). From Prejudice To Discrimination: The Legitimizing Role Of Perceived Threat In Discrimination Against Immigrants. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 40, 1231–1250. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.718
Pfafman, T. (2017). Assertiveness. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia Of Personality And Individual Differences. Springer, Cham: Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1044-1
Piaget, J. (1952). The Origin Of Intelligence In Children. New York, United States: Oxford University Press.
Purwawidada, F. (2014). Jaringan Baru Teroris Solo. Jakarta: KPG.
Rahardanto, M. S. (2012). Mengkaji Sejumlah Kemungkinan Penyebab Tindak Terorisme: Kajian Sosio-Klinis. Experientia: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 1(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1234/54
Rodin, D. (2016). Islam Dan Radikalisme: Telaah Atas Ayat-Ayat “Kekerasan” Dalam Al-Qur’an. Addin, 10(1), 29–60. https://doi.org/10.21043/addin.v10i1.1128
Rohayana, A. D., & Sofi, M. J. (2021). Critique Of Radical Religious Paradigm: An Epistemological Analysis From Principles Of Islamic Thought. Indonesian Journal Of Islam And Muslim Societies, 11(1), 163–184. https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V11I1.163-184
Rohmaniyah, I., & Woodward, M. (2012). Wahhabism, Identity, And Secular Ritual: Graduation At An Indonesian High School. Al-Jami’ah: Journal Of Islamic Studies, 50(1), 119–145. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2012.501.119-145
Rushton, J. P., Fulker, D. W., Neale, M. C., Nias, D. K. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1989). Ageing And The Relation Of Aggression, Altruism And Assertiveness Scales To The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Personality And Individual Differences, 10(2), 261–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(89)90213-4
Saifuddin, A. (2017). Reproduksi Pemahaman Dan Dinamika Psikologis Paham Radikal: Analisis Terhadap Sikap ‘Menyalahkan’ Kelompok Lain. Al-A’raf : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Dan Filsafat, 14(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.22515/ajpif.v14i1.717
Saifuddin, A. (2019). Psikologi Agama: Implementasi Psikologi Dalam Memahami Perilaku Beragama. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Salama, A. H. Y. (2011). Ideological Collocation And The Recontexualization Of Wahhabi-Saudi Islam Post-9/11: A Synergy Of Corpus Linguistics And Critical Discourse Analysis. Discourse & Society, 22(3), 315–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926510395445
Sandler, T. (2014). The Analytical Study Of Terrorism: Taking Stock. Journal Of Peace Research, 51(2), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343313491277
Sarwono, S. W. (2012). Terorisme Di Indonesia (Aisyah, ed.). Jakarta: Penerbit Alvabet.
Shoben Jr., E. J. (1963). Moral Behavior And Moral Learning. Religious Education: The Official Journal Of The Religious Education Association, 58(2), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034408630580208
Snow, D. A., Zurcher, Jr., L. A., & Ekland-Olson, S. (1980). Social Networks And Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach To Differential Recruitment. American Sociological Review, 45(5), 787–801.
Stark, R., & Bainbridge, W. S. (1980). Networks Of Faith: Interpersonal Bonds And Recruitment To Cults And Sects. American Journal Of Sociology, 85(6), 1376–1395.
Svensson, M. (2020). Norms In Law And Society: Towards A Definition Of The Socio-Legal Concept Of Norms. In M. Baier (Ed.), Social And Legal Norms: Towards A Socio-Legal Understanding Of Normativity. Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, UK: Routledge.
Syauqi, M. L. (2020). Kontekstualisasi Penafsiran Ayat-Ayat Teror Dalam Al-Qur’an. MAGHZA: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Tafsir, 5(1), 122–139. https://doi.org/10.24090/maghza.v5i1.4246
Thornton, T. P. (1964). Terror As A Weapon Of Political Agitation. In H. Eckstein (Ed.), Internal War (pp. 73–74). New York, USA: Free Press.
Victoroff, J. (2005). The Mind Of The Terrorist: A Review And Critique Of Psychological Approaches. Journal Of Conflict Resolution, 49(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002704272040
Wibowo, P., & Hapsari, R. D. (2020). Ancaman Terorisme Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria (ISIS) Pasca Fase “Khilafah.” Jurnal Studi Diplomasi Dan Keamanan, 12(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v12i1.3216.g2503
Zahri, H., & Savira, I. (2017). Pengaruh Self-Control Terhadap Agresivitas Remaja Pada Pelajar SMP Dan SMU Di Sekolah Perguruan Nasional. Jurnal JP3SDm, 1–10.
Ali, H., & Purwandi, L. (2019). Wajah Muslim Indonesia. In Wajah Muslim Indonesia (1st Ed, p. 210). Jakarta: Islami(dot)co.
Arciszewski, T., Verlhiac, J.-F., Goncalves, I., & Presses, A. K. (2009). From Psychology Of Terrorists To Psychology Of Terrorism. Revue Internationale De Psychologie Sociale, 3(22), 5–34.
Aryani, S. A. (2020). Orientation Of Religiosity And Radicalism: The Dynamic Of An Ex-Terrorist’s Religiosity. Indonesian Journal Of Islam And Muslim Societies, 10(2), 297–321. https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V10I2.297-321
Asongu, S. A., Orim, S. M. I., & Nting, R. T. (2019). Terrorism And Social Media: Global Evidence. Journal Of Global Information Technology Management, 22(3), 208–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2019.1642023
Azani, E., & Koblentz-Stenzler, L. (2019). Muslim Converts Who Turn To Global Jihad: Radicalization Characteristics And Countermeasures. Studies In Conflict & Terrorism, 45(2), 111–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1657304 Muslim
Azra, A. (2016). Transformasi Politik Islam: Radikalisme, Khilafatisme, Dan Demokrasi. Jakarta: Kencana Prenadamedia Group.
Babakr, Z. H., Mohamedamin, P., & Kakamad, K. (2019). Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory: Critical Review. Education Quarterly Reviews, 2(3), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.02.03.84 The
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York, USA: General Learning Cooperation.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations Of Thought And Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bandura, A. (2003). On The Psychosocial Impact And Mechanisms Of Spiritual Modeling. The International Journal For The Psychology Of Religion, 13(3), 167–173.
Baron, R. A., & Branscombe, N. R. (2011). Social Psychology (13th Ed). London, UK: Pearson Education, Inc.
Bayram, A. B. (2016). Values And Prosocial Behaviour In The Global Context: Why Values Predict Public Support For Foreign Development Assistance To Developing Countries. Journal Of Human Values, 22(2), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685815627749
Bhatt, A., & Silber, M. D. (2007). Radicalization In The West: The Homegrown Threat. New York, New York, United States: New York City Police Department.
Borum, R. (2004). Psychology Of Terrorism. Tampa: University of South Florida.
Bridges, L. J., & Moore, K. a. (2002). Religion And Spirituality In Childhood And Adolescence. In Child Trends. Retrieved from http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2002/01/Child_Trends-2002_01_01_FR_ReligionSpiritAdol.pdf
Bruce, G. (2013). How To Define Terrorism Social And Political Effects. Journal Of Military And Veterans’ Health, 21(2 May), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819100044260
Cotton, S., McGrady, M. E., & Rosenthal, S. L. (2010). Measurement Of Religiosity/Spirituality In Adolescent Health Outcomes Research: Trends And Recommendations. Journal Of Religion And Health, 49(4), 414–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-010-9324-0
Enders, W., & Sandler, T. (1993). The Effectiveness Of Antiterrorism Policies: A Vector-Autoregression- Intervention Analysis. The American Political Science Review, 87(4), 829–844. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938817
Ferguson, N., & Binks, E. (2015). Understanding Radicalization And Engagement In Terrorism Through Religious Conversion Motifs. Journal Of Strategic Security, 8(1), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.8.1.1430
Haryadi, A., & Muthia, N. (2017). Gerakan Politik Negara Islam Irak Dan Suriah (ISIS) Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Indonesia. Jurnal Transborders, 1(1), 1–19.
Hastuti, L. W. (2018). Kontrol Diri Dan Agresi: Tinjauan Meta-Analisis. Buletin Psikologi, 26(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.32805
Horgan, J. G. (2017). Psychology Of Terrorism: Introduction To The Special Issue. American Psychologist, 72(3), 199–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000148
Hossain, M. S. (2018). Social Media And Terrorism: Threats And Challenges To The Modern Era. South Asian Survey, 22(2), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971523117753280
Kaur, R. (2019). A Review On Prosocial Behavior: Social Psychology. International Journal Of Research In Engineering, IT And Social Sciences, 9(1), 227–229. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35397.91360
Khairunnisa, S., & Zain, L. (2016). Penafsiran Ayat-Ayat Pemicu Radikalisme Perspektif Ibnu Taimiyah Dan Quraish Shihab. Diya Al-Afkar, 4(2), 85–106.
King, P. E., & Roeser, R. W. (2004). Religion And Spirituality In Adolescent Development. In L. Steinberg & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook Of Adolescent Psychology (pp. 435–478). Hoboken, New Jersey, United States: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001014
Klausen, J., Campion, S., Needle, N., Nguyen, G., & Libretti, R. (2016). Toward A Behavioral Model Of “Homegrown” Radicalization Trajectories. Studies In Conflict & Terrorism, 39(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1099995
Kohlberg, L., & Hersh, R. H. (1977). Moral Development: A Review Of The Theory. Theory Into Practice, 16(2), 53–59.
Krebs, V. (2002). Mapping Networks Of Terrorist Cells. Connections, 24(3), 43–52.
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., & Gunaratna, R. (2019). The Three Pillars Of Radicalization: Needs, Narratives, And Networks. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Kruglanski, A. W., Chen, X., Dechesne, M., Fishman, S., & Orehek, E. (2009). Fully Committed: Suicide Bombers’ Motivation And The Quest For Personal Significanc. Political Psychology, 30(3), 331–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00698.x
Lankford, A., & Gillespie, K. (2011). Rehabilitating Terrorists Through Counter- Indoctrination: Lessons Learned From The Saudi Arabian Program. International Criminal Justice Review, 21(2), 118–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567711407333
Lindawaty, D. S. (2018). Terorisme: Pola Aksi Dan Antisipasinya. Info Singkat Kajian Singkat Terhadap Isu Aktual Dan Strategis, X(10), 25–30.
Lofland, J., & Stark, R. (1965). Becoming A World-Saver: A Theory Of Conversion To A Deviant Perspective. American Sociological Review, 30(6), 862–875.
Ma’arif, A. S. (2009). Prolog: Masa Depan Islam Di Indonesia. In A. Wahid (Ed.), Ilusi Negara Islam (p. 8). Jakarta: The Wahid Institute Dan Ma’arif Institute.
Macdonald, S., Correia, S. G., & Watkin, A.-L. (2019). Regulating Terrorist Content On Social Media: Automation And The Rule Of Law. International Journal Of Law In Context, 15, 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552319000119
Männik, E. (2007). Terrorism: Its Past, Present And Future Prospects. KVUOA Toimetised, 12, 151–171. https://doi.org/10.1139/E09-024
Mapparesa, A. A. (2019). Jalur Psikologis Teroris: Mengungkap Misteri Pelaku Bom Bunuh Diri Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Harakatuna.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation And Personality. New York, United States: Harper.
Mbai, A. (2014). Dinamika Baru Jejaring Teror Di Indonesia Dan Keterkaitannya Dengan Gerakan Radikalisme Transnasional. Jakarta: AS Productions Indonesia.
Milla, M. N. (2008). Bias Heuristik Dalam Proses Penilaian Dan Pengambilan Strategi Terorisme. Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 1, 9–21.
Milla, M. N. (2010). Mengapa Memilih Jalan Teror: Analisis Psikologis Pelaku Teror. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Mir, U. R., Hassan, S. M., Qadri, M. M., & Lecturer. (2014). Understanding Globalization And Its Future: An Analysis. Pakistan Journal Of Social Sciences (PJSS), 34(2), 607–624.
Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). The Staircase To Terrorism: A Psychological Exploration. American Psychologist, 60(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.161
Moghaddam, F. M. (2009). The New Global American Dilemma And Terrorism. Political Psychology, 30(3), 373–380.
Muhammad, R. (2014). ISIS: Mengungkap Fakta Terorisme Berlabel Islam. Jakarta: Noura Books.
Nasrullah, R. (2017). Media Sosial: Perspektif Komunikasi, Budaya, Dan Sosioteknologi. In Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media. Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media.
Nelson, T. D. (2015). Handbook Of Prejudice, Stereotyping, And Discrimination. In Handbook Of Prejudice, Stereotyping, And Discrimination: Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203361993
Ozer, A. C. (2016). Terrorism In The World. Journal Of Socialomics, 5(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0358.1000140
Parks-Leduc, L., Feldman, G., & Bardi, A. (2015). Personality Traits And Personal Values: A Meta-Analysis. Personality And Social Psychology Review, 19(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314538548
Parmono. (1995). Nilai Dan Norma Masyarakat. Jurnal Filsafat, 23, 20–27.
Payne, B. K. (2001). Prejudice And Perception: The Role Of Automatic And Controlled Processes In Misperceiving A Weapon. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 81(2), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.I037//0O22-3514.81.2.181
Pereira, C., Vala, J., & Costa-Lopes, R. (2010). From Prejudice To Discrimination: The Legitimizing Role Of Perceived Threat In Discrimination Against Immigrants. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 40, 1231–1250. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.718
Pfafman, T. (2017). Assertiveness. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia Of Personality And Individual Differences. Springer, Cham: Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1044-1
Piaget, J. (1952). The Origin Of Intelligence In Children. New York, United States: Oxford University Press.
Purwawidada, F. (2014). Jaringan Baru Teroris Solo. Jakarta: KPG.
Rahardanto, M. S. (2012). Mengkaji Sejumlah Kemungkinan Penyebab Tindak Terorisme: Kajian Sosio-Klinis. Experientia: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 1(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1234/54
Rodin, D. (2016). Islam Dan Radikalisme: Telaah Atas Ayat-Ayat “Kekerasan” Dalam Al-Qur’an. Addin, 10(1), 29–60. https://doi.org/10.21043/addin.v10i1.1128
Rohayana, A. D., & Sofi, M. J. (2021). Critique Of Radical Religious Paradigm: An Epistemological Analysis From Principles Of Islamic Thought. Indonesian Journal Of Islam And Muslim Societies, 11(1), 163–184. https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V11I1.163-184
Rohmaniyah, I., & Woodward, M. (2012). Wahhabism, Identity, And Secular Ritual: Graduation At An Indonesian High School. Al-Jami’ah: Journal Of Islamic Studies, 50(1), 119–145. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2012.501.119-145
Rushton, J. P., Fulker, D. W., Neale, M. C., Nias, D. K. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1989). Ageing And The Relation Of Aggression, Altruism And Assertiveness Scales To The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Personality And Individual Differences, 10(2), 261–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(89)90213-4
Saifuddin, A. (2017). Reproduksi Pemahaman Dan Dinamika Psikologis Paham Radikal: Analisis Terhadap Sikap ‘Menyalahkan’ Kelompok Lain. Al-A’raf : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Dan Filsafat, 14(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.22515/ajpif.v14i1.717
Saifuddin, A. (2019). Psikologi Agama: Implementasi Psikologi Dalam Memahami Perilaku Beragama. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Salama, A. H. Y. (2011). Ideological Collocation And The Recontexualization Of Wahhabi-Saudi Islam Post-9/11: A Synergy Of Corpus Linguistics And Critical Discourse Analysis. Discourse & Society, 22(3), 315–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926510395445
Sandler, T. (2014). The Analytical Study Of Terrorism: Taking Stock. Journal Of Peace Research, 51(2), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343313491277
Sarwono, S. W. (2012). Terorisme Di Indonesia (Aisyah, ed.). Jakarta: Penerbit Alvabet.
Shoben Jr., E. J. (1963). Moral Behavior And Moral Learning. Religious Education: The Official Journal Of The Religious Education Association, 58(2), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034408630580208
Snow, D. A., Zurcher, Jr., L. A., & Ekland-Olson, S. (1980). Social Networks And Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach To Differential Recruitment. American Sociological Review, 45(5), 787–801.
Stark, R., & Bainbridge, W. S. (1980). Networks Of Faith: Interpersonal Bonds And Recruitment To Cults And Sects. American Journal Of Sociology, 85(6), 1376–1395.
Svensson, M. (2020). Norms In Law And Society: Towards A Definition Of The Socio-Legal Concept Of Norms. In M. Baier (Ed.), Social And Legal Norms: Towards A Socio-Legal Understanding Of Normativity. Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, UK: Routledge.
Syauqi, M. L. (2020). Kontekstualisasi Penafsiran Ayat-Ayat Teror Dalam Al-Qur’an. MAGHZA: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Tafsir, 5(1), 122–139. https://doi.org/10.24090/maghza.v5i1.4246
Thornton, T. P. (1964). Terror As A Weapon Of Political Agitation. In H. Eckstein (Ed.), Internal War (pp. 73–74). New York, USA: Free Press.
Victoroff, J. (2005). The Mind Of The Terrorist: A Review And Critique Of Psychological Approaches. Journal Of Conflict Resolution, 49(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002704272040
Wibowo, P., & Hapsari, R. D. (2020). Ancaman Terorisme Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria (ISIS) Pasca Fase “Khilafah.” Jurnal Studi Diplomasi Dan Keamanan, 12(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v12i1.3216.g2503
Zahri, H., & Savira, I. (2017). Pengaruh Self-Control Terhadap Agresivitas Remaja Pada Pelajar SMP Dan SMU Di Sekolah Perguruan Nasional. Jurnal JP3SDm, 1–10.
Article Sidebar
Published
Dec 26, 2022
Article Details
How to Cite
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
This ejournal system and it's contents licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Author Biography