STRATEGIC EFFORTS OF BINCANGSYARIAH.COM AND ISLAMI.CO EDITORIALS IN SPREADING COUNTER-NARRATIVE EXTREMISM ON THE INTERNET
Main Article Content
Keywords
Countering Violent Extremism (CVE), extremism, internet, Islamic media, moderation
Abstract
The increasing religious enthusiasm of some Indonesians has become a target for extremist actors to spread their ideas and concepts. In fact, extremism can threaten the integrity of the nation and state. This article aims to discover the strategies Islami.co and Bincangsyariah.com used in conducting counter-narratives of extremism through online media. Islami.co and Bincangsyariah.com are moderate Islamic media involved in the Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) program through the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). This article uses a qualitative approach with content analysis techniques over supported data which are founders of Islami.co and Bincangsyariah.com as informants. Their published articles consist of counter-narrative extremism themes. The article primarily investigates the methods Islami.co and Bincangsyariah.com use to promote moderate Islamic content in the digital realm. The findings reveal that these sites engage in counter-narrative strategies by scrutinizing the arguments and claims of individuals or groups promoting extremism, thereby highlighting their fallacies. Moreover, they craft and disseminate alternative narratives that represent moderate Islam. As a result, Islami.co and Bincangsyariah.com have successfully exposed the flaws in the reasoning of pro-violence groups. However, further research is necessary to gauge the broader societal impact of these counter-narrative efforts.
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References
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Bunt, G. R. (2003). Islam In The Digital Age : E-Jihad, Online Fatwas And Cyber Islamic Environments. London, United Kingdom: Pluto Press.
Cornell, S. E. (2005). Narcotics, Radicalism, And Armed Conflict In Central Asia: The Islamic Movement Of Uzbekistan. Terrorism And Political Violence, 17(4), 619–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/095465591009395
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Fulton, H. (2005). Narrative And Media. New York, New York, United States: Cambridge University Press.
Ganesh, B., & Bright, J. (2020). Countering Extremists On Social Media: Challenges For Strategic Communication And Content Moderation. Policy And Internet, 12(1), 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.236
Guadagno, R. E., Lankford, A., Muscanell, N. L., Okdie, B. M., & McCallum, D. M. (2010). Social Influence In The Online Recruitment Of Terrorists And Terrorist Sympathizers: Implications For Social Psychology Research. Journal Of The American Philosophical Association, 4(3), 298–322. https://doi.org/10.1017/apa.2018.27
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Holmer, G., Bauman, P., & Aryaeinejad, K. (2018). Measuring Up - Evaluating The Impact Of P/CVE Programs. Washington, D.C., United States: United States Institute Of Peace.
ICRC. (2017). Background Note And Guidance For National Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies On “Preventing And Countering Violent Extremism.” Geneva: International Committee Of The Red Cross
Institute For Policy Analysis Of Conflict (IPAC). (2015). Online Activism And Social Media Usage Among Indonesian Extremists. Report Institute For Policy Analysis Of Conflict (IPAC). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003170563-39
Iqbal, A. M. (2013). Agama Dan Adopsi Media Baru: Penggunaan Internet Oleh Gerakan Salafisme Di Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v2i2.7834
Islami.co. (2020). Kisah Persahabatan Rasulullah Dengan Pemeluk Agama Lain. Retrieved from Islami.co website: https://islami.co/kisah-persahabatan-rasulullah-dengan-pemeluk-agama-lain/
Jati, W. R. (2022). Moderasi Beragama Dalam Islam Nusantara : Menimba Dari Wali Songo. Jurnal Masyarakat Dan Budaya, 24(3), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.55981/jmb.1804
Koopmans, R. (2015). Religious Fundamentalism And Hostility Against Out-Groups: A Comparison Of Muslims And Christians In Western Europe. Journal Of Ethnic And Migration Studies, 41(1), 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2014.935307
Kruglanski, A., Jasko, K., Webber, D., Chernikova, M., & Molinario, E. (2018). The Making Of Violent Extremists. Review Of General Psychology, 22(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000144
Kundnani, B. A., & Hayes, B. (2018). The Globalisation Of Countering Violent Extremism Policies: Undermining Human Rights, Instrumentalising Civil Society. SOURCE (Societal Security) Network Of Excellence.
Kurniawan, A. (2020). Kekeliruan Pandangan Tauhid Aman Abdurrahman Dalam Buku Materi Tauhid For The Greatest Happiness. Retrieved from Islami.co website: https://islami.co/kekeliruan-pandangan-tauhid-aman-abdurrahman-dalam-buku-materi-tauhid-for-the-greatest-happiness/
Kurniawan, A. (2021). Kisah Eks Terpidana Teroris Yang Menjadi Jihadis Literasi. Retrieved from Islami.co website: https://islami.co/kisah-eks-terpidana-teroris-yang-menjadi-jihadis-literasi/
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Moir, N. (2017). ISIL Radicalization, Recruitment, And Social Media Operations In Indonesia, Malaysia, And The Philippines. Prism : A Journal Of The Center For Complex Operations, 7(1), 90–107.
Munthe, A. K., Kharish, I., & Choironi, M. A. N. (2018). Meluruskan Pemahaman Hadis Kaum Jihadis. Ciputat: Yayasan Pengkajian Hadits El Bukhori.
Nasution, I. F. A. & Miswari. (2017). Islam Agama Teror? (Analisis Pembingkaian Berita Media Online Kompas.com Dalam Kasus Charlie Hebdo). Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 2(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.22515/balagh.v2i1.753
Nuraniyah, N. (2019). The Evolution Of Online Violent Extremism In Indonesia And The Philippines. Global Research Network on Terrorism and Technology: Paper No. 5, 1-16.
Roy, O. (2008). Al Qaeda In The West As A Youth Movement: The Power Of A Narrative. Center For European Policy Studies, 168, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1333550
Saifuddin, A. (2022). Norms And New Media As New Pillars Of New Network Terrorism. Al-Balagh : Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 7(2), 213–248. https://doi.org/10.22515/albalagh.v7i2.5365
Saifuddin, A. (2023). Psikologi Siber: Memahami Interaksi Dan Perilaku Manusia Dalam Dunia Digital. Jakarta: Kencana PrenadaMedia
Schmidt, L. (2021). Aesthetics Of Authority: ‘Islam Nusantara’ And Islamic ‘Radicalism’ In Indonesian Film And Social Media. Religion, 51(2), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2020.1868387
Sedgwick, M. (2010). The Concept Of Radicalization As A Source Of Coanfusion. Terrorism And Political Violence, 22(4), 479–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2010.491009
Silber, M. D., & Bhat, A. (2007). Radicalization In The West: The Homegrown Threat. New York, New York, United States: The New York City Police Department.
Simon, B., Reichert, F., & Grabow, O. (2013). When Dual Identity Becomes A Liability: Identity And Political Radicalism Among Migrants. Psychological Science, 24(3), 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612450889
Tahir, S., Malik, A., & Novrika. (2020). Buku Panduan Pencegahan Radikalisme Di Lingkungan Kerja Bumn Dan Perusahaan Swasta (Vol. 53). Jakarta: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme (BNPT), Kementerian Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN), Kamar Dagang dan Industri (Kadin Indonesia).
Ward, K. (2009). Nonviolent Extremists? Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia. Australian Journal Of International Affairs, 63(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357710902895103
Webber, D., Babush, M., Schori-Eyal, N., Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, A., Hettiarachchi, M., Bélanger, J. J., … Gelfand, M. J. (2017). The Road To Extremism: Field And Experimental Evidence That Significance Loss-Induced Need For Closure Fosters Radicalization. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 114(2), 270-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000111.
Weiss, M., & Hassan, H. (2015). ISIS: Inside The Army Of Terror. New York, New York, United States: Regan Arts.
Wibisono, S., Louis, W. R., & Jetten, J. (2019). A Multidimensional Analysis Of Religious Extremism. Frontiers In Psychology, 10(2560). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02560
Williamson, W. P., Bishop, J., & Hood, R. W. (2014). Religious Fundamentalism And Racial Prejudice: A Comparison Of Implicit And Explicit Approaches. Mental Health, Religion And Culture, 17(8), 847–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2014.935729
Zeiger, S., & Gyte, J. (2021). Prevention Of Radicalization On Social Media And The Internet. In A. P. Schmid (Ed.), Handbook Of Terrorism Prevention And Preparedness, pp. 207-237. The Hague: ICCT Press.
Ahong. (2020). Penyalahgunaan ISIS Terhadap Hadis Imam Mahdi Dan Keberkahan Syam. Retrieved from Islami.co website: https://islami.co/penyalahgunaan-isis-terhadap-hadis-imam-mahdi-dan-keberkahan-syam/
AIVD/Algemene Inlichtingen-en Veiligheidsdienst. (2006). Violent Jihad In The Netherlands: Current Trends In The Islamist Terrorist Threat. The Hague: General Intelligence and Security Service Communications Department.
Alava, S., Frau-Meigs, D., & Hassan, G. (2017). Youth And Violent Extremism On Social Media Violent Extremism On Social Media : Mapping The Research. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization.
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, And Prejudice. International Journal For The Psychology Of Religion, 2(2), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202
Amit, S., Barua, L., & Kafy, A. Al. (2021). Countering Violent Extremism Using Social Media And Preventing Implementable Strategies For Bangladesh. Heliyon, 7(5), e07121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07121
Annur, C. M. (2023). Ini Jumlah Populasi Muslim Di Kawasan ASEAN, Indonesia Terbanyak. Retrieved from databoks.katadata.co.id website: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/03/28/ini-jumlah-populasi-muslim-di-kawasan-asean-indonesia-terbanyak
Arena, M. P., & Arrigo, B. A. (2005). Social Psychology, Terrorism, And Identity: A Preliminary Re-Examination Of Theory, Culture, Self, And Society. Behavioral Sciences And The Law, 23(4), 485–506. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.653
Aziz, A. (2018a). Makna Thaghut Yang Benar. Retrieved from bincangsyariah.com website: https://bincangsyariah.com/kolom/makna-thaghut-yang-benar/
Aziz, A. (2018b). Siapakah Yang Pantas Disebut Thaghut? Retrieved from bincangsyariah.com website: https://bincangsyariah.com/kolom/siapakah-yang-pantas-disebut-thaghut/
Bräuchler, B. (2002). Islamic Radicalism Online: The Moluccan Mission Of The Laskar Jihad In Cyberspace. Studi Storici, 43(4), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.2004.tb00258.x
Bunt, G. R. (2003). Islam In The Digital Age : E-Jihad, Online Fatwas And Cyber Islamic Environments. London, United Kingdom: Pluto Press.
Cornell, S. E. (2005). Narcotics, Radicalism, And Armed Conflict In Central Asia: The Islamic Movement Of Uzbekistan. Terrorism And Political Violence, 17(4), 619–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/095465591009395
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative And Mixed Methods Approaches (5th Ed). Thousand Oaks, California, United States: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Do, Q. T., Gomez-Parra, N., & Rijkers, B. (2021). Transnational Terrorism And The Internet. Policy Research Working Paper Series Development Economics & Development Research Group, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103118
Ferdiansyah, H. (2021). Kisah Rasulullah Mendoakan Orang Yahudi Supaya Tampan. Retrieved from Islami.co website: https://islami.co/kisah-rasulullah-mendoakan-orang-yahudi-supaya-tampan/
Freedman, A. L. (2009). Civil Society, Moderate Islam, And Politics In Indonesia And Malaysia. Journal Of Civil Society, 5(2), 107–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448680903154907
Fulton, H. (2005). Narrative And Media. New York, New York, United States: Cambridge University Press.
Ganesh, B., & Bright, J. (2020). Countering Extremists On Social Media: Challenges For Strategic Communication And Content Moderation. Policy And Internet, 12(1), 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.236
Guadagno, R. E., Lankford, A., Muscanell, N. L., Okdie, B. M., & McCallum, D. M. (2010). Social Influence In The Online Recruitment Of Terrorists And Terrorist Sympathizers: Implications For Social Psychology Research. Journal Of The American Philosophical Association, 4(3), 298–322. https://doi.org/10.1017/apa.2018.27
Halim, D., & Rastika, I. (2021). Kepala BNPT: 1.250 WNI Berangkat Ke Irak Dan Suriah Karena Terpengaruh Radikalisme. Retrieved from kompas.com website: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/02/05/21014361/kepala-bnpt-1250-wni-berangkat-ke-irak-dan-suriah-karena-terpengaruh
Holmer, G., Bauman, P., & Aryaeinejad, K. (2018). Measuring Up - Evaluating The Impact Of P/CVE Programs. Washington, D.C., United States: United States Institute Of Peace.
ICRC. (2017). Background Note And Guidance For National Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies On “Preventing And Countering Violent Extremism.” Geneva: International Committee Of The Red Cross
Institute For Policy Analysis Of Conflict (IPAC). (2015). Online Activism And Social Media Usage Among Indonesian Extremists. Report Institute For Policy Analysis Of Conflict (IPAC). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003170563-39
Iqbal, A. M. (2013). Agama Dan Adopsi Media Baru: Penggunaan Internet Oleh Gerakan Salafisme Di Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v2i2.7834
Islami.co. (2020). Kisah Persahabatan Rasulullah Dengan Pemeluk Agama Lain. Retrieved from Islami.co website: https://islami.co/kisah-persahabatan-rasulullah-dengan-pemeluk-agama-lain/
Jati, W. R. (2022). Moderasi Beragama Dalam Islam Nusantara : Menimba Dari Wali Songo. Jurnal Masyarakat Dan Budaya, 24(3), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.55981/jmb.1804
Koopmans, R. (2015). Religious Fundamentalism And Hostility Against Out-Groups: A Comparison Of Muslims And Christians In Western Europe. Journal Of Ethnic And Migration Studies, 41(1), 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2014.935307
Kruglanski, A., Jasko, K., Webber, D., Chernikova, M., & Molinario, E. (2018). The Making Of Violent Extremists. Review Of General Psychology, 22(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000144
Kundnani, B. A., & Hayes, B. (2018). The Globalisation Of Countering Violent Extremism Policies: Undermining Human Rights, Instrumentalising Civil Society. SOURCE (Societal Security) Network Of Excellence.
Kurniawan, A. (2020). Kekeliruan Pandangan Tauhid Aman Abdurrahman Dalam Buku Materi Tauhid For The Greatest Happiness. Retrieved from Islami.co website: https://islami.co/kekeliruan-pandangan-tauhid-aman-abdurrahman-dalam-buku-materi-tauhid-for-the-greatest-happiness/
Kurniawan, A. (2021). Kisah Eks Terpidana Teroris Yang Menjadi Jihadis Literasi. Retrieved from Islami.co website: https://islami.co/kisah-eks-terpidana-teroris-yang-menjadi-jihadis-literasi/
Lubis, Z. (2022). Sejarah Awal Mula Countering Violent Extremism (CVE). Retrieved from Islami.co website: https://islami.co/sejarah-awal-mula-countering-violent-extremism-cve/
Moir, N. (2017). ISIL Radicalization, Recruitment, And Social Media Operations In Indonesia, Malaysia, And The Philippines. Prism : A Journal Of The Center For Complex Operations, 7(1), 90–107.
Munthe, A. K., Kharish, I., & Choironi, M. A. N. (2018). Meluruskan Pemahaman Hadis Kaum Jihadis. Ciputat: Yayasan Pengkajian Hadits El Bukhori.
Nasution, I. F. A. & Miswari. (2017). Islam Agama Teror? (Analisis Pembingkaian Berita Media Online Kompas.com Dalam Kasus Charlie Hebdo). Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 2(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.22515/balagh.v2i1.753
Nuraniyah, N. (2019). The Evolution Of Online Violent Extremism In Indonesia And The Philippines. Global Research Network on Terrorism and Technology: Paper No. 5, 1-16.
Roy, O. (2008). Al Qaeda In The West As A Youth Movement: The Power Of A Narrative. Center For European Policy Studies, 168, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1333550
Saifuddin, A. (2022). Norms And New Media As New Pillars Of New Network Terrorism. Al-Balagh : Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 7(2), 213–248. https://doi.org/10.22515/albalagh.v7i2.5365
Saifuddin, A. (2023). Psikologi Siber: Memahami Interaksi Dan Perilaku Manusia Dalam Dunia Digital. Jakarta: Kencana PrenadaMedia
Schmidt, L. (2021). Aesthetics Of Authority: ‘Islam Nusantara’ And Islamic ‘Radicalism’ In Indonesian Film And Social Media. Religion, 51(2), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2020.1868387
Sedgwick, M. (2010). The Concept Of Radicalization As A Source Of Coanfusion. Terrorism And Political Violence, 22(4), 479–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2010.491009
Silber, M. D., & Bhat, A. (2007). Radicalization In The West: The Homegrown Threat. New York, New York, United States: The New York City Police Department.
Simon, B., Reichert, F., & Grabow, O. (2013). When Dual Identity Becomes A Liability: Identity And Political Radicalism Among Migrants. Psychological Science, 24(3), 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612450889
Tahir, S., Malik, A., & Novrika. (2020). Buku Panduan Pencegahan Radikalisme Di Lingkungan Kerja Bumn Dan Perusahaan Swasta (Vol. 53). Jakarta: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme (BNPT), Kementerian Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN), Kamar Dagang dan Industri (Kadin Indonesia).
Ward, K. (2009). Nonviolent Extremists? Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia. Australian Journal Of International Affairs, 63(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357710902895103
Webber, D., Babush, M., Schori-Eyal, N., Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, A., Hettiarachchi, M., Bélanger, J. J., … Gelfand, M. J. (2017). The Road To Extremism: Field And Experimental Evidence That Significance Loss-Induced Need For Closure Fosters Radicalization. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 114(2), 270-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000111.
Weiss, M., & Hassan, H. (2015). ISIS: Inside The Army Of Terror. New York, New York, United States: Regan Arts.
Wibisono, S., Louis, W. R., & Jetten, J. (2019). A Multidimensional Analysis Of Religious Extremism. Frontiers In Psychology, 10(2560). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02560
Williamson, W. P., Bishop, J., & Hood, R. W. (2014). Religious Fundamentalism And Racial Prejudice: A Comparison Of Implicit And Explicit Approaches. Mental Health, Religion And Culture, 17(8), 847–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2014.935729
Zeiger, S., & Gyte, J. (2021). Prevention Of Radicalization On Social Media And The Internet. In A. P. Schmid (Ed.), Handbook Of Terrorism Prevention And Preparedness, pp. 207-237. The Hague: ICCT Press.
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Dec 28, 2023
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Rahman, M. F. ., Irsyadi, M. M., Ferdiansyah, H., Suma, M. A., & Trinanda, D. (2023). STRATEGIC EFFORTS OF BINCANGSYARIAH.COM AND ISLAMI.CO EDITORIALS IN SPREADING COUNTER-NARRATIVE EXTREMISM ON THE INTERNET. Al-Balagh : Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 8(2), 249–282. https://doi.org/10.22515/albalagh.v8i2.7582
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