Science Literacy and Critical Thinking Skills of Elementary School Students: A Correlation Study
Main Article Content
Keywords
Critical Thinking Skills, Literacy, Science Literacy
Abstract
Scientific literacy includes students' ability to understand scientific concepts, apply that knowledge to solve problems and make decisions based on scientific information. Meanwhile, critical thinking skills involve analysing, evaluating, and synthesising information logically. This study aims to analyse scientific literacy skills, critical thinking skills, and the relationship between the two in elementary school students. The research method used is a quantitative approach with a correlational type. The population in the study involved 68 students of grade V MI Muhammadiyah Trangsan, so a sample of 58 students was obtained using the Slovin formula. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. Data were collected through essay tests of scientific literacy and critical thinking skills on the water cycle material. The results showed an average value of scientific literacy of 62.71, which is in the moderate category; an average value of critical thinking skills of 71.93, which is in the moderate category; and a correlation coefficient value of 0.617, which indicates a fairly strong positive relationship. This result means that the higher the students' scientific literacy skills, the better their critical thinking skills. A simple linear regression test shows R2 = 0.381, meaning that scientific literacy factors influence 33.8% of critical thinking skills, while other factors influence the remaining 66.2%. This finding indicates the importance of strengthening scientific literacy in learning to improve students' critical thinking skills.
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References
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Alsaleh, N. J. (2020). Teaching critical thinking skills: Literature review. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 19(1). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1239945
Anazifa, R. D., & Djukri. (2017). Project- based learning and problem- based learning: Are they effective to improve student's thinking skills? Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v6i2.11100
Anggrella, D. P., Raudina, L., & Kamal, A. (2023). Improving the quality of learning through lesson plan preparation workshops for an independent learning model. Journal of Community Service and Empowerment. 4(1), 162–171. https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/jcse/article/view/24581
Asmar, A., & Delyana, H. (2020). Hubungan kemandirian belajar terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis melalui penggunaan software geogebra. AKSIOMA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika, 9(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v9i2.2758
Basri, H., Purwanto, As’ari, A. R., & Sisworo. (2019). Investigating critical thinking skill of junior high school in solving mathematical problem. International Journal of Instruction, 12(3), 745–758. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12345a
Berestova, A., Kolosov, S., Tsvetkova, M., & Grib, E. (2022). Academic motivation as a predictor of the development of critical thinking in students. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(3), 1041–1054. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-02-2021-0081
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research Methods in Education (8th ed.). Routledge.
Dayelma, Y., Octarya, Z., & Refelita, F. (2019). Hubungan literasi sains dengan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa pada materi ikatan kimia. JEDCHEM (Journal Education and Chemistry), 1(2), 72–78. https://ejournal.uniks.ac.id/index.php/JEDCHEM/article/view/180
Ennis, R. H. (2018). Critical thinking across the curriculum: A Vision. Topoi, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-016-9401-4
Erdogan, F. (2019). Effect of cooperative learning supported by reflective thinking activities on students' critical thinking skills. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 19(80), 89–112. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejer/issue/43338/548907
Fajari, L. E. W., Sarwanto, & Chumdari. (2020). Student critical thinking skills and learning motivation in elementary students. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1440(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1440/1/012104
Fajari, S. L. E. W., & Chumdari. (2021). Critical thinking skills and their impacts on elementary school students. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 18(2), 161–187. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2021.18.2.6
Fitria, D. (2021). Hubungan keterampilan proses sains dan kemampuan berpikir kritis padamateri suhu dan kalor. Journal Evaluation in Education (JEE), 1(3), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.37251/jee.v1i3.137
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Goodsett, M. (2020). Best practices for teaching and assessing critical thinking in information literacy online learning objects. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(5), 102163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102163
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Huber, C. R., & Kuncel, N. R. (2016). Does college teach critical thinking? A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 86(2), 431–468. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315605917
Kähler, J., Hahn, I., & Köller, O. (2020). The development of early scientific literacy gaps in kindergarten children. International Journal of Science Education, 42(12), 1988–2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2020.1808908
Karlina, L., & Abidin, Z. (2022). Meta analisis pengembangan media pembelajaran game edukasi biologi berbasis soal HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skill) terhadap literasi sains siswa SMA. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 8(10), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791830
Kim, S., Raza, M., & Seidman, E. (2019). Improving 21st-century teaching skills: The key to effective 21st-century learners. Research in Comparative and International Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499919829214
Kusumastuti, R. P., Rusilowati, A., & ... (2019). Pengaruh keterampilan berpikir kritis terhadap literasi sains siswa. UPEJ Unnes Physics Education Journal, 8(3). https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/upej/article/view/35624
Magarelli, R. (2024). Critical analyses in science: Course impact on critical thinking skills and hypothetical-deductive reasoning. https://www.proquest.com/openview/dd566595f14e34685249635d72e08b1e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Mahanal, S., Zubaidah, S., Sumiati, I. D., Sari, T. M., & Ismirawati, N. (2019). RICOSRE: A learning model to develop critical thinking skills for students with different academic abilities. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 417–434. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12227a
Nargundkar, S., Samaddar, S., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2014). A guided problem-based learning (PBL) approach: Impact on critical thinking. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/dsji.12030
OECD. (2024). Pisa 2022. In Perfiles Educativos (Vol. 46, Issue 183). https://doi.org/10.22201/iisue.24486167e.2024.183.61714
Razak, A., Santosa, T. A., Lufri, & Zulyusri. (2021). Meta-analisis: Pengaruh HOTS (higher order thinking skill) terhadap kemampuan literasi sains dan lesson study siswa pada materi ekologi dan lingkungan pada masa pandemi covid-19. Bioedusiana: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 6(1), 79–87. https://jurnal.unsil.ac.id/index.php/bioed/article/view/2930
Shafira, I. H., & Suratsih, S. (2023). Penggunaan e-lkpd berbasis masalah terhadap peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis peserta didik pada materi sistem ekskresi kelas xi di sma negeri 1 pangkalpinang. Jurnal Edukasi Biologi, 9(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21831/edubio.v9i1.18515
Sharon, A. J., & Baram-Tsabari, A. (2020). Can science literacy help individuals identify misinformation in everyday life? Science Education, 104(5), 873–894. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21581
Sucipta, I. W., Candiasa, I. M., & Sudirtha, I. G. (2023). Pengaruh model pembelajaran berbasis masalah ditinjau dari gaya kognitif program studi penelitian dan evaluasi pendidikan. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Indonesia, 13(1), 168–178. https://ejournal2.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/jurnal_ep/article/view/2660
Sumarni, W., & Kadarwati, S. (2020). Ethno-stem project-based learning: Its impact to critical and creative thinking skills. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 9(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v9i1.21754
Sutiani, A., Situmorang, M., & Silalahi, A. (2021). Implementation of an inquiry learning model with science literacy to improve student critical thinking skills. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 22(3), 733–748. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0rp00329h
Turiman, P., Omar, J., Daud, A. M., & Osman, K. (2012). Fostering the 21st century skills through scientific literacy and science process skills. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.253
Twiningsih, A., & Elisanti, E. (2021). Development of STEAM Media to improve critical thinking skills and science literacy. International Journal of Emerging Issues in Early Childhood Education, 3(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.31098/ijeiece.v3i1.520
Valenzuela, J., Nieto, A. M., & Saiz, C. (2011). Critical thinking motivational scale: A contri-bution to the study of relationship between critical thinking and motivation. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9(2), 823–848. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v9i24.1475
Valladares, L. (2021). Scientific literacy and social transformation: Critical perspectives about science participation and emancipation. In Science and Education (Vol. 30, Issue 3). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00205-2
Vieira, R. M., & Tenreiro-Vieira, C. (2016). Fostering scientific literacy and critical thinking in elementary science education. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 14(4), 659–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-014-9605-2
Wijayanti, S. W., & Prodjosantoso, A. K. (2021). The effect of using pjbl in students' conceptual understanding and science process skills. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Kimia, 10(2), 93–102. http://jurnal.fkip.unila.ac.id/index.php/JPK/article/view/22604
Wilke, R. R., & Straits, W. J. (2006). Practical advice for teaching inquiry-based science process skills in the biological sciences. The American Biology Teacher. 67(9), 534-540 https://doi.org/10.2307/4451905
Wiratman, A., Ajiegoena, A. M., & Widiyanti, N. (2023). Pembelajaran berbasis keterampilan proses sains: Bagaimana pengaruhnya terhadap keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa sekolah dasar? Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 8(1), 463–472. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v8i1.7274
Wong, S. S. H., Kim, M., & Jin, Q. (2021). Critical literacy practices within problem-based learning projects in science. Interchange, 52(4), 463–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10780-021-09426-4
Yani, F., Mulia, M., & Autor, C. (2023). Pengembangan LKPD terintegrasi STEAM-PjBL pada materi sel volta untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik kelas XII SMA/MA. Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia FKIP Universitas Halu Oleo, 8(2), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.36709/jpkim.v8i2.18
Zuhra, F., & Arifiyanti, F. (2021). The analysis of students' critical thinking and scientific literacy skills. Rev. Phys, 4(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.12928/irip.v4i1.3980
Alditia, L. M., Fadillah, N., Hanis, M., & Indonesia, U. P. (2021). Analysis of barriers to elementary school students' critical thinking skills in science subjects. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan (JIP) STKIP Kusuma Negara Jakarta, 16(1), 97–111. https://jurnal.stkipkusumanegara.ac.id/index.php/jip/article/view/2060
Alsaleh, N. J. (2020). Teaching critical thinking skills: Literature review. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 19(1). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1239945
Anazifa, R. D., & Djukri. (2017). Project- based learning and problem- based learning: Are they effective to improve student's thinking skills? Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v6i2.11100
Anggrella, D. P., Raudina, L., & Kamal, A. (2023). Improving the quality of learning through lesson plan preparation workshops for an independent learning model. Journal of Community Service and Empowerment. 4(1), 162–171. https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/jcse/article/view/24581
Asmar, A., & Delyana, H. (2020). Hubungan kemandirian belajar terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis melalui penggunaan software geogebra. AKSIOMA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika, 9(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v9i2.2758
Basri, H., Purwanto, As’ari, A. R., & Sisworo. (2019). Investigating critical thinking skill of junior high school in solving mathematical problem. International Journal of Instruction, 12(3), 745–758. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12345a
Berestova, A., Kolosov, S., Tsvetkova, M., & Grib, E. (2022). Academic motivation as a predictor of the development of critical thinking in students. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(3), 1041–1054. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-02-2021-0081
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research Methods in Education (8th ed.). Routledge.
Dayelma, Y., Octarya, Z., & Refelita, F. (2019). Hubungan literasi sains dengan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa pada materi ikatan kimia. JEDCHEM (Journal Education and Chemistry), 1(2), 72–78. https://ejournal.uniks.ac.id/index.php/JEDCHEM/article/view/180
Ennis, R. H. (2018). Critical thinking across the curriculum: A Vision. Topoi, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-016-9401-4
Erdogan, F. (2019). Effect of cooperative learning supported by reflective thinking activities on students' critical thinking skills. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 19(80), 89–112. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejer/issue/43338/548907
Fajari, L. E. W., Sarwanto, & Chumdari. (2020). Student critical thinking skills and learning motivation in elementary students. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1440(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1440/1/012104
Fajari, S. L. E. W., & Chumdari. (2021). Critical thinking skills and their impacts on elementary school students. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 18(2), 161–187. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2021.18.2.6
Fitria, D. (2021). Hubungan keterampilan proses sains dan kemampuan berpikir kritis padamateri suhu dan kalor. Journal Evaluation in Education (JEE), 1(3), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.37251/jee.v1i3.137
Fortus, D., Lin, J., Neumann, K., & Sadler, T. D. (2022). The role of affect in science literacy for all. International Journal of Science Education, 44(4), 535–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2022.2036384
Goodsett, M. (2020). Best practices for teaching and assessing critical thinking in information literacy online learning objects. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(5), 102163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102163
Heard, J., Scoular, C., Duckworth, D., Ramalingam, D., & Teo, I. (2020). Critical thinking : Skill development framework. Australian Council for Educational Research, September 2021, 1–23. https://research.acer.edu.au/ar_misc/41/
Howell, E. L., & Brossard, D. (2021). (Mis)informed about what? What it means to be a science-literate citizen in a digital world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(15), e1912436117. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912436117
Huber, C. R., & Kuncel, N. R. (2016). Does college teach critical thinking? A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 86(2), 431–468. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315605917
Kähler, J., Hahn, I., & Köller, O. (2020). The development of early scientific literacy gaps in kindergarten children. International Journal of Science Education, 42(12), 1988–2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2020.1808908
Karlina, L., & Abidin, Z. (2022). Meta analisis pengembangan media pembelajaran game edukasi biologi berbasis soal HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skill) terhadap literasi sains siswa SMA. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 8(10), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791830
Kim, S., Raza, M., & Seidman, E. (2019). Improving 21st-century teaching skills: The key to effective 21st-century learners. Research in Comparative and International Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499919829214
Kusumastuti, R. P., Rusilowati, A., & ... (2019). Pengaruh keterampilan berpikir kritis terhadap literasi sains siswa. UPEJ Unnes Physics Education Journal, 8(3). https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/upej/article/view/35624
Magarelli, R. (2024). Critical analyses in science: Course impact on critical thinking skills and hypothetical-deductive reasoning. https://www.proquest.com/openview/dd566595f14e34685249635d72e08b1e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Mahanal, S., Zubaidah, S., Sumiati, I. D., Sari, T. M., & Ismirawati, N. (2019). RICOSRE: A learning model to develop critical thinking skills for students with different academic abilities. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 417–434. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12227a
Nargundkar, S., Samaddar, S., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2014). A guided problem-based learning (PBL) approach: Impact on critical thinking. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/dsji.12030
OECD. (2024). Pisa 2022. In Perfiles Educativos (Vol. 46, Issue 183). https://doi.org/10.22201/iisue.24486167e.2024.183.61714
Razak, A., Santosa, T. A., Lufri, & Zulyusri. (2021). Meta-analisis: Pengaruh HOTS (higher order thinking skill) terhadap kemampuan literasi sains dan lesson study siswa pada materi ekologi dan lingkungan pada masa pandemi covid-19. Bioedusiana: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 6(1), 79–87. https://jurnal.unsil.ac.id/index.php/bioed/article/view/2930
Shafira, I. H., & Suratsih, S. (2023). Penggunaan e-lkpd berbasis masalah terhadap peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis peserta didik pada materi sistem ekskresi kelas xi di sma negeri 1 pangkalpinang. Jurnal Edukasi Biologi, 9(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21831/edubio.v9i1.18515
Sharon, A. J., & Baram-Tsabari, A. (2020). Can science literacy help individuals identify misinformation in everyday life? Science Education, 104(5), 873–894. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21581
Sucipta, I. W., Candiasa, I. M., & Sudirtha, I. G. (2023). Pengaruh model pembelajaran berbasis masalah ditinjau dari gaya kognitif program studi penelitian dan evaluasi pendidikan. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Indonesia, 13(1), 168–178. https://ejournal2.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/jurnal_ep/article/view/2660
Sumarni, W., & Kadarwati, S. (2020). Ethno-stem project-based learning: Its impact to critical and creative thinking skills. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 9(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v9i1.21754
Sutiani, A., Situmorang, M., & Silalahi, A. (2021). Implementation of an inquiry learning model with science literacy to improve student critical thinking skills. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 22(3), 733–748. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0rp00329h
Turiman, P., Omar, J., Daud, A. M., & Osman, K. (2012). Fostering the 21st century skills through scientific literacy and science process skills. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.253
Twiningsih, A., & Elisanti, E. (2021). Development of STEAM Media to improve critical thinking skills and science literacy. International Journal of Emerging Issues in Early Childhood Education, 3(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.31098/ijeiece.v3i1.520
Valenzuela, J., Nieto, A. M., & Saiz, C. (2011). Critical thinking motivational scale: A contri-bution to the study of relationship between critical thinking and motivation. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9(2), 823–848. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v9i24.1475
Valladares, L. (2021). Scientific literacy and social transformation: Critical perspectives about science participation and emancipation. In Science and Education (Vol. 30, Issue 3). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00205-2
Vieira, R. M., & Tenreiro-Vieira, C. (2016). Fostering scientific literacy and critical thinking in elementary science education. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 14(4), 659–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-014-9605-2
Wijayanti, S. W., & Prodjosantoso, A. K. (2021). The effect of using pjbl in students' conceptual understanding and science process skills. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Kimia, 10(2), 93–102. http://jurnal.fkip.unila.ac.id/index.php/JPK/article/view/22604
Wilke, R. R., & Straits, W. J. (2006). Practical advice for teaching inquiry-based science process skills in the biological sciences. The American Biology Teacher. 67(9), 534-540 https://doi.org/10.2307/4451905
Wiratman, A., Ajiegoena, A. M., & Widiyanti, N. (2023). Pembelajaran berbasis keterampilan proses sains: Bagaimana pengaruhnya terhadap keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa sekolah dasar? Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 8(1), 463–472. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v8i1.7274
Wong, S. S. H., Kim, M., & Jin, Q. (2021). Critical literacy practices within problem-based learning projects in science. Interchange, 52(4), 463–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10780-021-09426-4
Yani, F., Mulia, M., & Autor, C. (2023). Pengembangan LKPD terintegrasi STEAM-PjBL pada materi sel volta untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik kelas XII SMA/MA. Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia FKIP Universitas Halu Oleo, 8(2), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.36709/jpkim.v8i2.18
Zuhra, F., & Arifiyanti, F. (2021). The analysis of students' critical thinking and scientific literacy skills. Rev. Phys, 4(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.12928/irip.v4i1.3980
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